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Bdg< JVorfct prhtted for Longman, Ilursl, A V I E ^y OP le BTRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS, nn.1 DISORDERS of o STOMACH, niKl ALIMENTARY ORGANS of tlie LJMAN BODY; wilb Physiolojjical Observations and Mnarks upon the Qualilios aiitl Effects of Food uiul nnentcd Liqu(ii-rma.muMasMnou:. illas) _ _ _ ""'"""■ Adspirate meis; prim^ue ab origine mundi Ad mea perpetuum deducite tenipora carmen port Milt list is i-f illds foi- nias-) adsjjliatc meis cirptis, que deducite perpetuum r.urmeii a prim/l origine mundi ad mea tenipora. TRANSLATION. IT is my design to speak of forms changed into new bodies. Favour, O ye gods, the attempt, (for by you were these changes produced), and carry down the chain of my poem, from the beginning of the world to my own times. NOTES. beginning of the world, to the ase ill vvliich lie wrote. Tlie first bock bcL'ins with the unravelhng oftliechnos, The Metamorphoses of Ovid r^iay be considered as a colltctioii of tlie chief of those fables vvi.ich epic and di-amatic poe's had introduced into their works, in order to gain attentidn from tlieir readers, aiul raise their admiration. These fables arc for the most part founded in history. How they came to be changed in their circumsiaiices, so remote fiom credibility, will be taken notice of in the remaiks upon each fable in the course of the work. It is sufficient to observe at present, that poets, to pive their subjects a greatw air of dignity, affected to relate every thinii witii extraordinary circumstances, and make the gods interpose in all that concerned their heroes. This humour of the poets, joined to the superstitious notions of tho.'e times, produced an infinite number of fables, which Ov;d has here connected to- gether in one continued poem, of which the whole universe is the scene, and (hat takes in all the times from the and distiiiKuisliingit into four elements, to eacli of which are assigned proper in- habitants, and last of all man is created. Afer this follow the four aj^es of the world, the war of the giants against heaven, and the universal degeneracy of men. Jupiter finding that the ex- ample of Lycaon changed into a wolf was not sutficient to reclaim them, sends an universal delnsje, from which only Deucalion and Pyrrha escape, who repair the loss of their kind by tlirowing stones behind them. Apollo kills the Python, falls in love witJi Daphne, who is changed into a laurel. The other rivers assemble, uncertain whether to coi gratulate, or condole with ier father upon this event. Inachus alone is ab- sent, anxious tor his daughter, whom Jupiter had changed into an heifer. Mercury kills Argus, whom Jure had appointed her keeper, soon after whir li B 2 P. OVIDII ]NAS0N1S r. An(f miirf, ft tcl- liis.et caiui/i (junclti'git omnia, eiat iiniis vtil- lux nuturtPiii totoorbc, tjuem due re chaos; moles rudis ifidiges- tague ; I. Ante mare, et tellus, et, quod teglt omnia, coe lum Unus erat toto naturas vultus in orbe. Quern dixcre chaos ; rudis indigestaque moles : TRANSLATION. I. In the begiiuiing, the sea, the earth, and the heaven, which co- vers all, was but one face of nature through the whole extent of the nniverse, Mhich they called chaos ; a rude and indigested mass ; nor any NOTES. lo, restored to her former sliape, bears a son to Jupiter named Epaplias, who is woishipiieii .joiiitl\ with her hy the itgypfians. The poet then, by a very n.itural and easy transition, enters npoii the story of Phiaton. 1. In tmva fert.] Ovid follows here tlie example of the epic poets, who always begin by a proposition of their subject, and invoking the aid of the muse. The rules laid down by the critics for exordinms are here strictly observed, both with respect to simpli- city and brevity. 1. Mutatas dicere formas corpora.'] Some commentators make this an hy- pallage, instead of corpora mutata in novas formas ; and tind a beauty in it, that the proposition of a subject which regards the changes and variations of bodies sIk uld be frauied with a trans- position of words. But it n)ay be ex- plained also without an hypallage, as forma is otten used to signify the thing has manageil his subject with that happy addiess, as to slide from one circuin- st.ince into another without violating it. Tjie texture, as an excellent critic ob- serves, is so art'ul, tliat it may be com- par<'d to the work of his own Arachne, where the shade dies so gradually, and tl.'e light revives so imperceptibly, tliat it is hard to tell wliere the one ceases, and the other begins. Deducite perpe^ tuum carmen must therefore mean, tvjrry down my cyclic poem {i. e., the chain, the connexion of my poem) from the begimiin^ of the world to the present time. 5. Ante mare et tellus.] Ante is not here a preposition governing a case, as according to some rea:li!!gs; ante mare et terras ; but is to be taken adterbiidly, fov primo, principio, ' at first in the be- ginning:' Mare, tellus, et cceluin erat unus vultus nuiurcE. 7. Quem dl.rere Chaos.] The ancient philosophers, not beinu able to conceive liow any tiling could be produced out itself, thus formic deotum, tcrrurum, pro of nothing, laid it down as a principle, ipsis diis feris. And our own poet, Trif.t. 1.7- Carmina mutatas hominum diceniia for- tuas. 4. Perpetuum cavmen.] Perpetuum carmen is the same witli what was al^o known amonir the ancients by the name of poema cyclicum. It was of several kinds , as when a particular subject and action were pitched open, of a reason- able lenjitli, but to be included in a determined number of lines; or when a poet gave the entire history of a prince. But the principal kind of cyclic poem was, when the poet carried his subject fvora one fixed periorl of time lo an- other, as from the beginning of the world to the Trojan war, and connected all the events together in a continued train. It is in this last sense that Ovid calls his metamorphoses pevpduum car- men ; all the parts being connected to- gether by the most natural and easy transitions : for a certain unity of story ie preserved through the whole, and he ex nihilo nihil jit, et in nihilum nil ]>osse reverti. Therefore in their accounts of the creation of the world, they always suppose some pre-existing matter, out of which things were formed, and ranked in that orderly disposition in which they now appear. The system lieie followed is that of Hesiod, the most ancient poet now extant, that treats of the origin of things. Fortirst he supposes a chaos or pre-existing niHtter, out of which the world and four elements were formed ; and then de- scribes the manner in which these ele- ments were disposed ; as that aether possessed the highest place, air the next, then water, and earth, on account of its gravity, the lowest. This doc- trine, monstrous as it appears, is no other than a disfigured tradition of the creation. Hesiod seems to have copied from Sanchoniathon, who undoubtedly drew his ideas from the writings of Moses, since in some places he uses his very expressions. METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. I. 3 Neb quicquam nisi pondus iners ; congestaque eodem jSTon bene junctarum discordia semina rerum. Nullus adhuc mundo prsebebat lumina Titan ; 10 Nee nova crescendo reparabat cornua Phcebe; Neb circumfuso pendebat in acre tellus Ponderibus librata snis ; nee brachia longo Margine terrarum porrexerat Amphitrite. Qu&.que fuit tellus, illic et pontus, et a'er : 15 Sic erat instabilis tellus, innabilis unda, Lucis eoens aer : nulli sua forma manebat. Obstabatque aliis aliud : quia corpoie in uno Fri^ida pugnabant calidis, humentia siccis, Moilia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pon- dus. 20 bi'iitia pondiis cum corporibiis iine pondere. nee quicquam nisi iners pondus ; seminaque dis cordia rerum non bene junctarum, coiige/'tc eodem acervo. Adhuc niilius Titan prabebat lumina mundo; me Phcebe reparabat nova cornua crescendo : nee tellus libra/ u suis pon- deribux pendebat in acre circumfuso ; nee Amphil rite porrexerat brachia iu lonp.o mar- gine terrarum. Quaque Juit tellus, illic erat et pontus,et acr: sic tillus erat instabilis, unda in- nabilis, et atjr ege/ts lu- cis: sua forma iiiatw- hal nulli. Aliudquc o!>- stabat aliis: quia in lino eodeiiuiue corpore, frigliia pugnabant ca- lidis, humentia siccis, moilia cum duris, ha- TRANSLATION. thing but a lifeless lump, and the disagreeing seeds of jarring ele- ments, confusedly jumbled together in the same heap. No sun as yet ' gave light to the world, nor did the moon, in a course of regular* changes, repair her pointed horns. The earth was not hung self-ba- lanced in the surrounding air ; nor had the sea stretched out her arms to embrace the distant coasts. For Avherever there was land, there too was sea and air. Thus was the earth unstable, the sea uniiavigable, and the air destitute of light ; nor did any thing appear in its real form. For one constantly obstructed the course of the other ; because in the same heap, cold struggled with hot, moist with dry, hard with soft, and heavy bodies widi light. But God and kind nature put an NOTES. 10. Titan.} The sun; so called on account ofiiis supposed fatlier Hyperion, who was one of tiie Titans. This Hy- jserion was tlie first who by his a-siduous observations discovered the course of the sun, moon, and other luminaries. By tnem he regulated the times and seasons, and transmitted that know- ledge to others. No wonder then if lie who was the father of astronomy, has l)een also feigned by the poets to be th<5 father of the sun and moon. n. Pliophe.'] The moon; so called because supposed to be the sister of Phoebus or tlie sun. 13. Pundi'vibus librata suis,} It is plain from this that the poet had a very distinct notion of the gravitation of bo- dies. Ail the parts of matter attract, and are mutually attracted, and coiiso qiiently must hold one another in a per- fect equilibrium or balance. This power of gravitation is not only con- stant and universal, but acts always in proportion to the solid content of bodies, and with a force which is in a direct simple proportion of the quantity of the matter, and an inverse duplicate proportion of the distance. 14. Amphitrite.'] The daughter of Oceanus and Doris, and wife to Nep- tune, god of the sea : hencH she is here made to stand for the sea itself. Some take her to be no more than a poetical personage, whose name, derived from the Greek, signifies to surround. Ac- cording to this we may easily conceive how shi- cn;ne to be called the wife of Neptune, or of the sea, which encom- passes the earth. B 2 p. OVIDIl NASONIS T}nis tt wtUof nnlura ttircmil kaiir. /item. JV,iin abstitlit terras en III, et itniliix trnix, (I xecreiit talnin li- i/iiiditin eih Sj/i.y.so tn're. Qua', ii6i in summri tirce. A\'r est prorimui illi fevitd'e ioccique. 'I'cUiks est deninr hit, tni.iitinic gratidia etemnita, ct est pressci grarilnte sui ipsiiis. Jiiiincr cir- cumjiuiit po-isedit ul- tima loca, cdcrcuitque solii/itiii orltem. II. Ubi illf,qnisqii)S f'jtt fJeorum, xciidt congeriem sir dispos}- tam, redcgilqiie sic- tam ill m'.mliru. Ilanc Deus, et melior litem natura diremit. Nam ccelo terras, et terris abscidit undas : Et liquidum spisso secrevit ab a'ere coelum. Qiiaj postqiiam evolvit, ca^coque exemit acervo, Dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit : 25 Ignea convexi vis et sine pondere coeli Emicuit, summfique locum sibi legit in arce. Proximus est aer illi levitate, locoque. Densiov his tellus ; elementaque grandia traxit ; Et pressa est gravitate sui. Circumfluus hu- mor 30 Ultima possedit, solidumque coercuit orbem. IL Sic ubi dispositam, quisquis luit ille dec- rum, Congeriem secuit, sectamque in membra re- degit : TRANSLATION. end to this intestine discord ; for he separated earth from air, and water from earth, and distinguished between the grosser air and the jethereal heaven. When he had thus unravelled the whole system of things, and extricated them from their state of confusion, he as- signed to each its proper place, and combined them in harmonious order. The light fiery element of vaulted sethereal heaven shone out, and mounted to tlie highest region. To this the air succeeds in lightness and place. The earth, still heavier, drew along with it, the more pon- derous elements, and was pressed together by its own weight. The circling waters sunk to the lowest place, and begirt the solid orb. II. When thus he, whoever he was of the gods, had divided the mass, and by that division formed it into distinct members ; first of all, NOTES. 31. Deus et melior natiua.~\ Nature is a word often used witliont any deter- mined signification, and in general we are apt to ascribe to it all th(;se appear- ances which wo find it hard to explain upon established and known principles. ]n its most proper acceptation it means tiie invisible agency of tlie Beity, in nphoUlina; the present frame of thiiigs. Et IS therefore here, as grammarians call it, an expositive particle, Deus et natura; as if the pout had said, Deiis site natura. 31. Ultima fossedit .'] Sink to the lowest place. This is not to be nnder- stood in a strict philosophical sense, for that were to contradict the doctrine of llesiod and all the ancient saj.;e,s, who make earth the heaviest of the four ele- ments, and place it in the centre : ray, it were to contradict himself, seeing he says circumfluus humor coercuit solidum orbem. The waters possessing tiie lowest phice, is therefore only meant in respect to the earih whereon we tread, not of the ponderous central earth. For the external surface of the earth rises con- siderably, and suffers the waters to fli.w round it in ho! low deep channels. This I lake to be the true meaning of the passage. To say with some that Ovid calls water the last of the elements be- cause it surrounds and encompasses the earth, is just nothing at all ; he might for the same reason have done so of the air. Some explain ultima extimn. / METAMORPHOSEON, Lin. 1. 5 Principio terrain, ne non aequalis ab omni }>n>ictj>w gimmont -rt ^ r • • 1 • • teiram ne iinii rsset Parte loret, magni speciem giomeravit m or- a-qnaUsahnmnifartc, 1 • Of- '" iji(cie)7i mngni mbis^ DIS. OO Turn jussit f'retu (tif- Turn freta difFundi, rapidisque tumescere ventis •('"'f/' ««'.7*<''«9"5 Jussit, et ambitse circumdare littora terra?. cumiiarc iniorourrA \ -1 I- ^• , , n , ■ , 1 (imbiltF. Addidlt (t Aacliclit et lontes, iramensaque stagna, lacusque ; fontcs, stagvoqiie im- Fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia ripis : 1"^^""""^'^^ Quae diversa locis partim sorbentur ab ipsa ; 40 "^'qins nj:,., ; que: m- ^ . 1 . 17 \n\n^ lilt irsa li.cis, sar- in mare perveniunt partim, campoque recepta bentvr partim abi^Ksa 1 --I • • • • 1-,, 1 i. \(i\\mc: -pintim verve- JLibenoris aquae, pro ripis littora pulsant. m,ts,t in mure, mej). Jussit et extendi campos, subsidere valles, *,^M""jZ^!i!r it Fronde tecri svlvas, lapidosos sureere inontes. tora pronpis. jussit ■rj 11 Ai -1 •• AJr et Campos extendi, I c.l- V tque duse dextra coelura, totidemque sinistra 4o les subsidere, syivas Parte secant Zonse, quinta est ardentior illis : Tfpid!:Zl' sur^cTe".'Vt- que diiiv so)ue secant calum drxtrCi parte, totidemque zonse secant sinistra paiie, ot iit est etiam quinta zona ardentior illis: TRANSLATION. that no inequality might be found on either side, he rolled up the earth into the figure of a spacious globe. He then commauded the seas to flow round, and swell with raging winds ; and to mark out shores upon the encompassed earth. He added also springs, and immense standing- pools and lakes, and bounded the running rivers by winding banks. These, different in different places, are swallowed up by the earth itself; others, carrying Iheir waters forward to the sea, are there received into the plains of the ample ocean, and beat the shores instead of banks. He commanded likewise the plains to be extended, the valleys to sink down, the woods to be covered with leaves, and the rocky mountains to rise. And as heaven is divided on the right by two zones, and by a like number on the left, between which there is a fifth hotter than NOTES. 40. Partim sorbejitur ah ipsfi.l This is 45. Utque dver clexlrit.'] Afstronomers meant of those rivers that, at some (lis- take notice of five parallel circles in the tance from their fountains, disappear, heavens. First, the equinoclial, which and continue tiieir course under ground. lies exactly in the middle between the Such Virgil tells us was tlie Alplieiis in poles of the «orld, and has obtained Peloponnesus. Such still are the Anas its name from tiie equality of days and in Spjin, and Rhone in France. Yet nights all over the earth, while ti.e sun they are not so wholly swallowed up by is ni i!s pi, me. On each side of it are the earth, but tliat they appear again, the two tropics, at the distance of and carry their waters forward to thesea. twenty-three degreesand thirty minutes, '13. Jussit et extendi eumpos.yriihjuftsit and describctlliy tha sun when in his is tiuely sublime, and serves admirably greatest declination north and south, or well to express tlie ease wherewith an at tiie summer and winter solstices, intiiiitely powerful Being accon-ipiishes 'ihat on the north side of the equinoc- the nio^t ditiicnlt works. Let hnn but tial is called the tropic of Cancer, be- speak the word and it is done. There cause tlie sun describes it when in that is the same beauty here that was long sign of the ecliptic : and that on the .since remarked by one of the most cele- south side is for the same reason called brated critics among the ancients, in the the Uopic of Capricorn. As;ain,atthe jfiat of the Hebrew lawgiver. distance of twenty -three degrees and 6 P. OVIDll NASONIS sic ciira Dd Oisttnxit inclusiim onus iixlcin niiiiii roZ^'Xtiriim: plii- g(egiie totius. Fabricator quoque mundi, non perniixit iicra liabendum passim his ventis ; nunc enini, cum quisque regant sua flamina direrso tract u,lamei\ vij obsis- titur illis quin liinient mundum, discordia fratrum est tanta. Eurus recessit ad Au- roram, rcgnaque Na- bathxEU. Persidaque et juga subdita radiis NOTES. and occasion winter. The intermediate spaces, while he is moving from one tropic to tiie other, niake spring and aiitunm. To prevent mistakes we must observe, that Ovir], considering the torrid zone as tlie middle re alto jKthe- re, retinebat semina cus7iati call : quam tel- ej/igiem Deorum mode- ters fell to be the habitation of the smooth fishes ; the earth is peopled with wild beasts, and the yielding air with birds. But a more noble animal, aiid capable of still higher faculties, formed for empire, and fit to rule over the rest, was yet m anting. Man was designed : whether the great Artificer of things, who created the world in a better state, formed him at first of a divine principle ; or the infant earth, newly divided from the high a;ther, still retaijied some particles of its kindred heaven ; which the wise son of Japetus, temper- ing with living streams, fashioned after the image of the gods who rule NOTES. 78. Natus homo est."] We have I.ere another proof that the ancient poets in their accounts of the creation of the world, followed a tradition that had been copied i'roni the writings of Moses. The formation of man in Ovid, as well as in Genesis, is the last work of the Creator. 79. Munrli melioris origo.'] The au- thor of a better world. So I h^ve trans- lated it ; taUiiis; tlie meaning of the poet to be, that God created tiie woiid in a bf'tter state than that in which it now appears. Man at first was perf ct and untiinted witli vice : the earth, too, yielded every thing better, and in more abundance, of her own accord. I am the more confirmed in this, because in the account of the four ages of the world, which immediately follows, he speaks of man as gradually degenerat- ing from a state of perfect simplicity and innocence. 82. Quern satus Japeto.] The story of Hroiiietheiis will reqniie to be ex- plained somewbat largely. He was, according to the most received account, the son of Japelns and Clymcne- 1 shall pass over that part of his history which relates to his deceiving Jupiter, and refusing to espouse Pandora, and only ol)serve that lie is fabled to have formed man of tempered clay, whom Mi.ierva, the goddess of sciences, ani- mated. There are two ways of ex- plaining this history. First, that the inhabitants of Scythia being at that time exfFemely savage, and without laws, either v;ntten or traditional, Pro- nietbeiis, a polite and knowing prnice, tanght iheni to lead a more humane life, and instrncted them in agiicnltme, physic, and other sciences. This, in the hyperbolical language of the poets, was called, his having formed a man whom the yoddess of sciences animated. But there is still another explanation of this fable given by Lactantins. He takes it to have no other foundation, bnt that Prometheus was the first who tani'htthe art ofmaking statues of clay. This conjectuie is greatly strengthened by a fine monument stiii extant, and that may be seen in the first volume of Montfaiicon's Anticjitities. It repre- sents Prometheus forming a man, and there you may see him working with a chisel ; a plain indication that the art of statuary is intended by it. This image, besides, is very singular; Mi- 10 p. OVIDIl NASONIS Cumqiiccatrra amma- lia pronii apcctiiit ter- ram, ritdit homini Of siiblimc :Jii.txitgiic eiini tiieri rcrliim, it follere rifltiis irecd't ad xi- dcraii- turfixoarc: luc turba Pronaque cilm spectent animalia caetera terram, Os homini sublime dedit, ccelumque tueri 85 Jussit, et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus. Sic, modo quae f uerat rudis et sine imagine tellus, Induit ionotas hominum conversa tiguras. III. Aurea prima sata est setas, quse vindice nullo, Sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat. 90 Poena metusque aberant; nee verba minacia fixe Mxe. legebantur : nee supplex turba timebat supi'lex timebat ora sui judices : TRANSLATION. over all. And \vhile other animals bend their looks downwards to earth, he gave to man a lofty countenance, commanded him to lift his face to heaven, and behold with erected eyes the stars. Thus the earth, lately rude and without form, was changed, and put on the figure of man, till then vmknown. III. The golden age came first, which, without any avenger, or the constraint of law, of its own accord practised faith and justice. Fear and punishment were yet unknown ; nor were threatening penalties graved on tables of brass ; nor did suppliant criminals tremble in the NOTES. nerva there appears, because, according to Lucian, it was she that animated the work of Prometheus. There yon Uke- wise see Psyche with her wings, riding in a chariot, becanse she was the sym- bol of the soul. It is plain that all this was intended to siunify to ns, that the statues of Prometheus were so perfect, that they wanted nothing but a living sonl to be self-moved. Without giving into some such explication as this, how- shall we account for what the poet says here and afterwards, that man being not as yet created, Prometheus mixed clay, and moulded him into his present figure, since he was a man himself, and an- tiquity gives us the history of his father and ancestors. So far with respect to the formation of man. Other particu- lars in the history of Prometheus will come in more properly afterwards. 89. Aiirca prima sata est (Ftas.} After the formation of man follow the four ages of the world, which are denomi- nated from four metals, in a succession from better to worse, answering to the gradual degeneracy of mankind. The golden age comes first, and is a conti- nuation of the same tradition we have mentioned before. Truth in the poets is always disguised under a veil of fic- tion. They had heard that the first man lived for some time in perfect in- nocence ; that the ground in the garden of Eden yielded all kinds of fiuit, with- out beinj; cultivated ; and that the infe- rior animals, submissive to his com- mands, paid him all due homage: but that alter liis fail, all nature revolted against him. Hence this age of gold, so celebrated by the poets, the inno- cence of manners, the spontaneous pro- duction of fruits, and the rivers of milk and honey. The ancients refer to Italy and the reigns of Saturn and Janus, what the Scripture relates of Adam and the terrestrial paradise : for antiquaries seem now to be agreed, that Saturn was Adam, and Janus, Noah. Would the short compass of these annotations permit me to enter into a particular de- tail, I might, from a great number of parallel circumstances, make the thing appear extremely probable. But I shall content myself with referring those who have a curiosity to know more of this, to the first book of Bo- chart's Phaleg. Vossius' Treatise of Idolatry, and the first volume of Ba- nier's Mythology. 91. Verba mbmciafixo cere legebantur.] It was the custom among the ancients METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. I. 11 Judicis ora sui : sed erant sine vindice tuti. ^^^ ermt tuti sme _, , ' . . . vindice. Piniix ceesa J\ ondum csesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem, •""> mmnibus mndum MontibuSjin liquidas pinus descenderat undas: 95 'ilquVJal^v't. iTsercfor. Nullaque mortales prseter sua littora, norant. f>>> pn-igrinum mor- T. . . 1 . •in tnlesquc norant nulla IS ondum prsecipites cino-ebant oppida fossae : I'lUora -prater sua .- TVT . 1 T ,• • n • nondiimprtFcivites fos- JNon tuba directi, non sens cornua ilexi, «ires,ttiirgttvinettt cortice. NOTES. 113. Salurno tenehrnsa in Tartara viissn.'\ The fable of Jupiter's dethroning his fatlier Saturn, is to be found at large in all the writers of mytliolosy. The poets, who had placed tlie golden age under Saturn, refer tlie silver age to Jupiter. It was by him that the year was first divided into four seasons, for before there had been a constant spring. This notion prevails universally among the poets, but probably had no other foundation than tiieir fancying that this imaffe agreed perfectly to their ideas of those sweet and haiipy times. For how the ecliptic, if it had ever coincided with the equinoctial, should change its situation so mucli, as to to cut it now at an angle of twenty-three degrees and a half, is not easy to be conceived. Some modern astronomers indeed pretend to have discovered something of this kind ; but beside that tlieir observations are very uncertain, supposing them even true, this declination of the ecliptic is so very inconsiderable, that many mil- lions of years must have passed before it could change from a perfect parallel- ism to its present degree of obliquity ; unless we will suppose, with Mr. Whis- ton, that the earth, by the sudden and violent shock of a comet, was jolted out of her natural position, and had her poles driven at once to the distance of twenty-three degrees and a half from the poles of the ecliptic. Whatever may be in that, according to our poet, after the age of gold comes one of sil- ver, then one of brass, and last of all the iron age. All this, well understood, implies, that mankind did not at once degenerate from their primitive inno- cence, but that it was by several steps and gnidations they arrived at that height of impiety, so pathetically la- mented by tiie ancient liistorians. We may observe, that this system in the poetical account is but ill put together. For even in the age of Saturn, which, according to them, was that of gold, we read of bloody wars, and dreadful crimes. Saturn, to mount the throne, drove his father fi om it -. Jupiter used his father precisely as he had done Uranus, and established his empire in the destruction of liis whole family. Jupiter enjoyed little more tranquillity, than had Saturn or Uranus; the com- bination of the Titans and giants is a proof of it. METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. I. 13 Semina turn primum lon^is Cerealia sulcis, I'"'" ?'"»"»» «»»*'»« _^, ' . . ° A . ' . \ Cerealia sunt ooruta Obruta sunt, pressique jugo gemuerejuvenci. ■ longis suMs, juvena- V. Tenia post illas successit ahenea proles, 125 T. v'''''^^^" s'"''"- Saevior ingeniis, et ad homda promptior arraa, Non scelerata tamen. De duro est ultima ferro. Protinus irrumpit venee pejoris in sevum Omne nefas: fugere pudor, verumque, fidesque: In quorum subiere locum fraudesque,dolique, 130 Insidigeque, et vis, et amor sceleratus habendi. V^ela dabat ventis, nee adhuc bene noverat illos, Navita, qua;que diu steterant in montibus altis, Fluctibus ignotis insultavere carinse. Communemq ; prius ceu lumina solis et auras, 135 ventis,necadiiuc nove- ■ rat illos bene : carince- _ _ que qua: diu steterant Nec tantiim segetes alimentaque debita dives Poscebatur humus ; sed itum est in viscera terree : Quasq; recondiderat, Stygiisq; admoveratum- bris, EFFODltJNTlJR opes, irritamenta malorum. 140 V. Proles ahenea suc- cessit tertia post illus, seeiior ingeniis, et promptior ad liorrida anna, tamen nec scele- rata. Ultima JEtas est de duro ferro. Proti- nus omne nefas irrum- pit ill arum pejoris ve- na: pudor,veruinque, fidesque fugere : in lo- cum quorum, fraudes- que, dolique, insidite- que, et vis, et scelera- tus amor liabendi, subi- ere. Naiita dabat vela Cautus humum lono;o signavit limite mensor : in montibus altis, in- sultavi're ignotis fluc- tibus. Cautusque min- sor signavit loiigo li- mite hum um prius com- miinem, ceu auras, et lumineesolis. A'ec dives humus poscebatur tan- tarn dare segetes, ali- mentaque debita ; sed itumest in viscera ter- ra : opesque irritamenta malorum qiias terra recondiderat, admoveratque umbris stt/giis effodiuntur. TRANSLATION. were the seeds of Ceres first hiu-ied in long furrows, and oxen groaned beneath the heavy yoke. V. To these succeeded the third in order, a generation of brass, of a fiercer make, and more prompt to horrid feats of war ; yet free from impiety. The last was of hard and stubborn iron. Instantly all kinds of wickedness broke out in tliis age, of a more degenerate turn : modesty, truth, and honour, fled ; in place of which succeeded fraud, deceit, treachery, violence, and an insatiable itch of amassing wealth. The mariner spread his sails to the winds, as yet but rudely skilled in their course ; and the trees which had long stood untouched in the mountains, now hollowed into keels, boldly encountered the untried waves. The ground, hitherto common as light or air, was now marked out by the lengthened limits of the wary measurer. Nor was it sufficient that the rich soil furnished corn, and an annual supply of food, but men penetrated into the very bowels of the earth ; and riches, the great incentives to ill, which she had hid in deep caverns, and deposited nigh the Stygian shades, are dug up. Then destructive NOTES. 123. Semina Cerealia.'] Seeds of Ceres, i.e., corn; for Ceres, the dauchter of Saturn and Ops, was the goddess of corn and tillage ; it being by her that men were first instructed in agricul- ture. 139. Stygiisque udmoverat umbris.] That is, in deep caverns, and toward the centre, for Styx was feigned to be a river of hell, where Pluto reigns over the infernal ghosts and mane?. 14 P. OVIDII NASONliS jamqucnocensferrum, Jamquenoceiis feiTuni-ferroquenocentius aurum ftrio proiiierat : jmu Prodierat : prodit bellum, quodpugnatutroque; pui'mit ufroqi'fe ; (em, Saiiguiiieaque manu crepitantia concutit arma. vir!tt aiuo; concutit. VivituF cx rapto : noil hospes abhospite tutus, que anna crepitantia ^ r I r . ' sanguined manu. fivi- Non socei" a genei'o : fratrum quoqiie Q^ratia vara tur ex rapto; ho\pes ^ "^ x ± qd "X AC. non est tutus abhospite, €St» IriD i::Z;"^:-:^:^,u^n Imminetexitlo vir conjugis, ilia mariti : est quoque cara. Vir Lui'ida terribiles miscent aconita novercae : tmniinet exUio conju- _-,.,. ■,. . . ... t'«,j/;« conjiiximminet Jbilius anted 16111 patvios mqumt inannos. ToZVc7ml'centZ''rida Victa jacet pietas : et virgo caede madentes aconit,.:,fiiiu^inq> , '• r j. i^-i reliquit ultima caUs- Aficctasse teruut legnum coeleste gigantas fj'^^ terras madentes ^it^que congcstos struxisse ad sidcra moiites. VI. Note (et ne) ar- duus etlnr foret securior tcrris,ferwit gigantas affectasse regnum coeleste, que struxisse monies congestos ad alta sidera. TRANSLATION. iron appeared, and gold yet more destructive than iron : war too was kindled, that fights with both, and brandishes in his bloody hand the clattering arms. Men live by rapine ; the giiest is not safe from his host, nor the father-in-law from the son-in-law : peace and agreement too among brothers is become very rare. The husband watches for ihe destruction of his wife, who again plots the death of her Inisband. Cruel step-mothers mix the dismal wolf's-bane. The son, impatient, inquires into his father's years. Piety lies vanquished ; and the virgin Astrgea, last of all the heavenly deities, abandons the earth, drenched in blood and slaughter. VI. And that even the high mansions of aether might not be more safe than this earth below, it is said that the giants affected the sove- reignty of heaven, and piled up huge mountains one upon another, till NOTES. 142. Quodpugnatutroque.'] The his- tory of Philip of Macedou is well known, who made more conquests hy bribes than by the sword, and was wont to say, tliat he looked upon no fortress as impregnable, where there was a gate large enough to admit a camel loaded with gold. Hence Horace, Ode xvi. Book 3, says, Diffidit urbicum Partus vir Macedo, et subruit eemulos Reges muneribus, 151. Nere/oref toris.] The history of the war of the giants against heaven, is taken notice of by almost all the poets, and is supposed by a great many to be a disfigured tradition of the fall of the angels, and their rebellion against their Creator. But the more general opi- nion makes it a true history of some enterprise acainst Jupiter, who was a powerful prince, beset wifh many for- midable enemies. There were several princes distinguished by the name of Jupiter, but the present falile is to be understood of him who divided the em- pire with his two brothers, Neptune and Pluto ; which by-tlie-by we may ob- serve, was what gave occasion to the famous partition of tiie government of the universe, so celebrated by the poets. Jupiter bad Phrygia, the isle of Crete, and many other provinces. He built a palace on mount Olympus, which METAMOllPHOSEON, Lib. I. 15 Turn pater oranipotens misso perfreglt Olympum ^^^'^p^^^^j^AT. Fulmine, et excussit subiecto Pelio Ossam. 155 oiympum, et «(■«*«? _, , ' , AN J • • J. Ossam Pelio su/>jecto. Obruta mole sua cum corpora dira jacerent, lum cum corpora dira Perfusam multo natorum sanguine terram ^ZteTfertT%rrum Immaduisse ferunt, calidumque animasse cru- verjisam muUo sun. Orem . (tuisse, animusscque ca- -i-», ^^ n ,• • j. „ i. lidiim cruorem, et ne iit, ne nulla terse stirpis monumenta manerent, nuua monumentajera: In faciemvertissehominum: sed et illapropago tsf\.r}aei:^;f'^:^ \Q() num. Sed et Ma pro- ^^ . ^ •!• • J- Pogofuit contemytrix Contemptrix superum, ssevaeque avidissima csedis superum, aiidissima- ■r\, ■ T , r • , c • \ ■ J. !icires e sanguine natos. Je^ta .• facile sdres eos VII. Qua; pater utsummaviditSaturniusarce, f"isse«afo. c sanguine. ^ /* 1 , . VII. Qud[, ut pater Ingemit : et racto nondum vulgata recenti saturmus vidit summa Foeda Lycaoniae referens convivia mensae, 165 r7nt)aZZl O . r ' vulgafa, facto recenti, Concilmmnue vocat : tenuit mora nulla vocatos. concipit animo h-asin- Ei ', . • 1 • c 1 sentes, et dignas Jove ; St Via sublimis, ccelo maniresta sereno ; locutque concilium .■ Lactea nomen habet, candore notabilis ipso. «^/„^« '^^I^.v^riL"," mujiifesta sereno calo, via lactea habet nomen, notabilis ipso candore. TRANSLATION. they reached the stars. Upon this, almighty Jove, darting his thunder, broke through Olympus, and dismoimted Ossa, that had been thrown upon Pelion. When these huge bodies of giants were thus buried under the ruins of the mountains they had themselves heaped together, it is said, that the earth, impregnated with the blood of her own sons, be- came very moist, and animated the warm gore ; and that all monu- ments of that daring race might not be wholly extinguished, shaped them into the figure of men. But that generation too was a despiser of the gods above, fond of cruelty and slaughter, and given to yiolence. You might easily discern that their original was from blood.^ VII. "Which when the father of the gods beheld from his citadel of heaven, he groaned : and withal revolving in his mind the bloody ban- quet of Lycaon, a crime which, because but lately committed, Avas not yet publicly known, he kindled to a wrath becoming Jove, and called an assembly of the gods, who all without delay obey the summons. There is a way in the exalted plain of heaven, easy to be seen in a NOTES. the poets regard as heaven ; the attempt of Thessaly, toward the Pelasgic gulf, of his enemies to drive him from it, as Ossa, a mountain between Olympus a war against heaven. Tlie heaping and Pelion. These the giants are said mountains one upon another is a poet- to have heaped one upon another, in ical fiction, the better to support the order to scale heaven, idea of invading the skies. l68. Est via— Lactea nomen habet.J^ ">5 154. Perfregit Olympum.'] Olympus, The poet here gives a description of a mountain in the confines of Thessaly the court of heaven, and supposing and Macedonia. Pelion, a mountain what was called by the ancients the 16 P. OVIDTl NASONIS i/rtc via est itn-sitperis {jr^^, j^gj. ggj suDcris ad mao;ni tectaTonantis, 170 ad Ivcta tiii>''titi.wb terra brise recidendum ; tie pars sinceratraliatur. f»''''e pnus tentata ; Si. •!,• C -J • .1. A.- ■ T" • *^'^ tmmedicabUe lul- unt mini oemidei, sunt rustica numma r auni, nus est recidenrium Et Nymphae, Satyrique, et monticolffi Sylvani : Vn^at^r""^:^ S Quos quoniam coeli nondum dignamur honore, *"''.'*'''. stmtNym-piKF yuas dedmius,certe terras habitare smamus. 195 «'.?"^' . ^"tynque, et An satis, 6 superi, tutos fore creditis illos, quos!quo7iiZ7nonmg- Cilm mihi, qui fulmen, qui vos habeoque regoque, l""l,"f^ 'Tabnarfveril Struxerit insidias notus feritate Lycaon ? terras qutn dedimus. l^oniremuere omnes : studusque ardentibus au- uios /are satis- tutos, „,,^y. cum Lycaon nut iisferi- a Lllll tate, struxerit insidias Talia deposcunt. Sic, ciim manus impia saevit 200 »"/«.9'«' '"'beo regoque feangumeCEBsareoKomanumextmguerenomen; q"e vos/ omnes con- Attonitum tantze subito terrore ruinze 'q^ie'urZhtii!urs7ndiis Humanum genus est, totusque perhorruit orbis. \" f^iZ "mplT minus sfevit extinguere JlRo- munum nomen, 'san- guine C/isareo; genus' humanum attoiiitum est subito terrore tantte ruina, totusque orbis perhurruit. TRANSLATION. " wholly from one original. Now the whole race of men must be cut " off Avherever the circling ocean rages against the sounding coasts, " I swear by the infernal waves, that glide under the earth, along the " Stygian grove, all methods have been already tried ; but an iucu- " rable wound must be lopt away, that the sound and nobler parts be " not tainted by it. There are demi-gods and nymphs, a race of ru- I " ral deities. Fauns, Satyrs, and Sylvians, inhabitants of the moun- " tains, who, though not yet worthy to be received into the heavenly " mansions, deserve at least an undisturbed possession of the earth, " which \ye have assigned them. But is it possible, heavenly powers, " to imagine, that they can live in safety, when Lycaon, noted for his " cruelty, has dared to form a plot against even me, who brandish the " thunder, who rule the gods ?" Upon this a general murmur ran through the assembly ; and with ardent zeal they demanded vengeance on so daring a criminal. Thus, when an impious band of traitors sought to extinguish the Roman name, by shedding the blood of Cesar, mankind av as astonished at the terror of so mighty a ruin, and the whole earth trembled with horror NOTES. 187. l^ereus.'] A sea-god, the son and borrowed their names from Fauiiii.s, of Oceanus and Tethys. Silvaiius, and Silenus, who were also 193. Faunlque, Satyrique, et monticola: rural deities, and reckoned the fathers Sylvani.} Tliese were all rural deities, of those already mentioned. C 18 P. OVIDII NASONIS nwnim'^"{»it' mhius ^^^ ^^^^ grata minus pietas, Auguste, tuorum, grafu tiin; quam iiifi Quaui I'lut lUa Jovi : Qui Dostquam vocc uianuq 1 jovi; qui postquam iVlumiura compressitj teiiuerc sileiitia cuucti.205 ^^Z^'J«/w9w!"cS'/ Substitit ut clamor pressus gravitate regentis, /einiCrc sUentia. vt Jupiter lioc iteriuii sermone silentia rumpit : ildiiior pressus s.ravi- ^ i- ... i. toic regentis sttbsiitit, llie quiuem poenas (curam dimittite) solvit; iuentZ'tw'VrmZ'e. Quocl tameii admissum, quse sit vindicta, do- Jlle quidem (dimittite cebo 210 curam) solvit pcenas; . . „ . . •fc'-i-'-' lameii docebo vos quod Coiitigcrat nostras mfamia temporis aures : sit admissum, quit sit /^ ■ ^ ■, i i i r\^ vindicta. jiifamia tim- Quam cupiens lalsam, summo delabor Ulympo, ^Zi\urfs':%"am''ct ^t deus hmnana lustro sub imagine terras. piem esse faisum, dcia- Lon^a mora cst.q uantum noxag sit ubiq : re pertum, tior summo Ulympo, f^_,~ .'l r ■ • • n • \ -n- deus lustro terra'; sub iLnumerare : mmor luit ipsa intamia vero. 2iD Inimano imajiiiie. Mora u/r ix • iii'i_ ^ r est low'u eiiumerare Maeiiala traiisieram latebris horrenda lerarum, '^!a-tu7\^que f\;:a Et cum Cylleno gelidi pineta Lyc^i. infumia j'uif minor Arcados liinc sedes et inhospita tecta tyranni vero. 1 ransitrajn Ma-- t t i i i naia, horrenda latebris Ingredioi', traherent cuiii sera crepuscula noc- J'erarum, tt pineta ge- ^ / , lidi Lyca-icum Cylleno. icin. - Jlinc ingredior sedis Arcados, et tecta inhospita tyranni, cum sera crepuscula traherent noctem. TRANSLATION. of the attempt. Nor was the affectionate concern of your subjects less grateful to you, Augustus, than that of the gods was to Jupiter ; who signifying to them, with his voice and hand, to suppress their mur- murs, they were all silent. How soon the clamour ceased, checked by the authority of their sovereign : Jupiter resuming his speech, thus broke silence ; " He, indeed (cease your cares), has already suffered the punish- " ment due to his crime ; but it is fit that you know what was his guilt, " and what vengeance followed it, " The cry of iuiquity had reached my ears, which wishing to find " false, I descend from the top of Olympus, and, disguised in human " shape, traverse the earth. It were endless to repeat the aggra- " vated guilt that every where prevailed : report had fallen far short " of the truth. I had now passed Msenalus, infamous for its caverns " filled with beasts of prey, Cyllene, and the piny shades of cold " Lycseus. Hence I enter the Arcadian realms, and unhospitable " house of the bloody tyrant, just as the late twilight drew on the night. NOTES. 216. Mcenala traimeram.'] Maenalus, Arcadia, sacred to Pan, and covered or Maenala plural, a famous mountain with groves of pine-trees. of Arcadia; so called from Maenalaus, si 8. Arcados hinc sedes.} That is, the son of Areas. It was full of dens the realms of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, where wild beasts lurked. a country famous in poetical story. It 217. Cyllene.~\ Cyllenus, or Cylene, was a midland region in Peloponnesus, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Mer- very good for pasture, and therefore cury; called hence by the poets Cyl- celebrated for shepherds and shepherd- lenius. Lycaeus was also a mountain of esses, musically inclined. METAMORPIIOSEON, Lib. I. 19 4lcum ve- sqiie C(rpe- Sigrna dedivenissedeum; vulgusque precari 220 ^f^' ^'^'"' Cceperat : irridet primo pia vota Lycaon, rut precart .■ Lycaon Mox, ait, experiar, deus hie, discrimine aperto, 'ZZVtTetpe?lur%"r. An sit raortalis : nee erit dubitabile verum. ^"^ 1hm"aTm(^u,ii!^- Nocte graven! somno, nee opina perdere morte "f ^ cnt'rcrtim dubua- Me parat: haec illi placet experientia veri. 225 der'e mclraiem IZZ'o Nee contentus eo, missi de gente Molossa e^J^ntiTtei^ Ua^ Obsidis unius iu2;ulum mucrone resolvit : nn. auc cotuenti/s eo, Atque ita semineces partim lerventibus artus iumunuif«bs>dism'iisi Mollit aquis, partim subjecto torruit igni. iufl'arthumMii^^^^^ Quos simul imposuit mensis ; ego vindice flam- *eS«." p^aluL iZ-. ma 230 ''"^^ mhjecto ignl. I-, . , . ,• , A Qiios simul imposvit n dommo dignos everti tecto, penates. mensis, ego riudice Territus ipse fugit, nactusque silentia ruris 'pm7tes7,lnos%fm\iw. Exululat, frustraque loqui conatur : ab ipso -^^'^ tcnitus jugu ; . ' T. T- -T 1- nactiixqiie stlentia ru- Colngit OS rabiem, solitzeque cupidme caedis ris, cxuiuiat, frustra- TT . -7^ • 1 . '■ '^ • 'lue cnniifitr loqui : os Vertitur m peeudes; et nune quoque sangmne eoiagu rabiem ab ipso. o'5iiirlpt Q'^l^ vertitiirqucin peeudes gctUUCL. 4/00 ciipidiiie iolitee.ctEdiJi : et gaudet nunc quoque sanguine. TRANSLATION. " I gave the signal, that a god was come, and the people began to pay *' their adorations. Lycaon laughs at their credulity and prayers. " Presently, says he, I will know, by a plain proof, whether this be a " god or a mortal ; nor shall the truth remain long questionable. He " prepares therefore in the night to destroy me unexpectedly, when " sunk in sleep. This dire experiment of the truth pleases him. Nor " wholly contented with that, he cuts the throat of a hostage that had " been sent some time before by the nation of the Molossians, and " softens part of the yet quivering limbs in boiling water ; the rest he *' roasted over the fire. These he ordered to be served up. No sooner " were they set upon the table, than with avenging flames I overturned " the house, and buried in its ruins the domestic gods, worthy of the " same fate with their cruel master. Lycaon, terrified, takes to flight, " and reaching the remote plains, fills them with savage howling, and, " in vain, endeavours to speak. His mouth foams with rage, and, " urged by a native thirst of slaughter, falls with redoubled fury upon NOTES. 221. Irridet pia vota Lycaon.] The at the true liistoiy, we must observe, fabulous history of this prince tells us, that the ancients distinguish two princes that he was the sou of Pelasgus, and of of this name. The first was the son of such shocking cruelty, that he murdered Phoroneus, and reigned in that part of his guests, aud caused them to be served Greece which was afterward called np at table. Jupiter hearing of it, went Arcadia, and to which he communicated to his palace, and finding the report tiie name Lycaonia, about 250 years true, changed him into a wolf, and re- before Gecrops. The second, who is duced his palace to ashes. But to come the subject of the present fable, suc- C 2 20 P. OVIDII NASONIS ^c^uncn^'^^m In villos abeuiit vestes, in crura lacertl. iifpu^. et scrvatvcsti- Fit luDus, et vetens servat vestigia formse. pia letens fornxr. la- ^^ . .' ' -. - . , ~ . nUicscsteadrm.eadcm Uanities eaciem est, eadem violentia vultu: \'idem'"'ocu\T^ hlcmt. Idem ociili lucent ; eadem feritatis imago. ''''vnrf/'r«S'!^.' ^m* Occidit una domus ; sed non domus una cidit ; sed von una perire 240 ■r>a perire. Fera Erifi- -Uigna luit : qua terra patet, tera regnat bnnnys. ?erraJaM, t'uusto- ^^ faciuus jurasse putes : dent ocius omnes nn\iM juriisse in faci- Quas meruerc pati (sic stat sententia) poenas. jiiis. Umnes dent ocius -rv-.r- i <• ^ n ptEnas qjtds meruire Uicta J ovis pavs voceprobant,stimulosq; tremeuti PikprobaniVoTcdMa Adjiciuut: alii partes assensibus implent. 245 ^??"' <;fJifi>i-"tque Est tamen humani generis iactura dolori stimulos illi/rementi; >~. ., • i-i i alii implent partes as- Omnibus : ct, qua3 Sit terrae mortalibus orbae tura humani generis rorma lutura, rogaut : qms sit laturus inaras Vojn'f'qlr'forma'sil Thura? ferisuc paret populandas tradere gentes? futuraierr^orbemor- Talia ouzerentes (sibi enim fore caetera curaj)250 taltbus ; quts sit la- -^^ ' ^ ^ . , , , . . turns tiiura in aras ? Kcx superuiii trepidare vetat ; sobolemque priori Paretnetraderescntes t\" • 'i l "ii'j. • " -a populandas feris? Bex -Uissimilem populo promittit origme mira superum vetat eos qu(P- rentes talia trepidare, cetera enim fore sibi citrer, i>roinitlitque soholem dissimilem priori populo ah origine mird, TRANSLATION. " the defenceless flocks ; and still delights in blood. His garments are " changed into hair, his arms into legs, he becomes a wolf, and still re- " tains strong marks of Avhathe was. His hoariness is the same: the " same rage and violence appear in his countenance; his eyes sparkle " as formerly, and he is still the same image of savage fierceness. Vni. " Thus was one house overthrown, but not one only deserved " to perish : wherever the earth extends, the Furies reign in all their " horrors ; and men confederate in wickedness are sworn to crimes. " Let all feel the vengeance they so justly deserve, (so my unalterable " resolution stands.") Some by words approve the purpose of Jupiter, and add spurs to his indignation ; others by assent declare their concurrence : yet the total destruction of mankind is matter of grief to all. They inquire what form the earth would assume, when no longer a habitation for men : or who would burn incense upon their altars ? whether he intended to give up the nations of the world a prey to wild beasts ? The sovereign of the gods counsels them to cancel these unnecessary fears, and trust to his care, promising to raise up a new generation different from the former, and propagated by a miraculous power. Already he was preparing NOTES. ceeded him, and was a prince equally Arundel Marbles, by sacrificing human polite and religious ; but by an inhu- victims. luan-.ty which was but too common 24 K Fera regnat Erinnys-I Erinnys in tliese rude ages, he polluted the was a name given to the Furies by the feasts of the Lupercalia, whereof he Greeks ; as much as to say, £«»; fS, was the founder, according to tlie Contentio meniis. METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. I. 21 Jamque erat in totas sparsurus fulmina terras ; rvT%LZa:inmal Sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab igjnibus sether terras; sed hmuit «e ^ • 'a 1 J A • orrr forte tether sacer CO n- Concipe ret nammas,longusq;araesceret axis. 265 ciperet jiummas n tot Esse quoque infatis reminiscitur, afFore tempus, !f;S/;;!»SS- Quo mare, quo tellus, correptaque reojia coeli turquoqueesjemfatis, ^ ' >■ -. ', 11 tempus (ijfore, quo Ardeat ; et mundi moles operosa laboret. mare, qno teiius, regi- Tela reponmitur manibus fabricata Cyclopum. i^lT, ardeat ;7t"moUs Poenaplacetdiversa,-Genusmortalesubmidis260 J^gi^ur/^r^tS Perdere, et ex omni nimbos dimittere ccelo. manibus Cycinpum re- -r-. • 7r-ii--A -1 1 Ti- i- poimtitur. Ptrna di- Frotinus /bonis Aqmlonem claudit m antris, versa placet 3o\\; per. Et qusecunque fugant inductas flamina nubes : tndiT,°tdimifterenim. Emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolatalis, ^ttnus l"'^^alf%uiit Terribilem picea tectus caligine vultum : 265 ««« «« ^oius antns, -r, 1 • • 1 ■ • j3 -i 1 -IT et qwecunnue Jiamina JBarba gravis nimbis, cams tlmt unda capulis, fugant inductas nuhes: Fronte sedentnebulse,rorantpenngeque sinusque. '^tus^'^^ilt(T*'madfdis Utque manu lata pendentia nubila pressit, "^'f- tectus c^^^cA ad T. i V ' vultum ttrribiUm, pi- cea caligine. Barba erat gravis nitnhis ; vnda Jiuit canis capillis: nebula sedent fronte ejus : penneeiiue sitnuque roraut. Utque pressit petideiitia nubila manu latii, TRANSLATION. to scatter his thunder, and discharge it on seas and land ; but stopt, fearing lest the sacred sether might catch the flame from so many sparks, and the long axletree of heaven be set on fire. He remembers too, that it was in the decrees of fate, that a time shoidd come, when sea, earth, and the battlements of heaven, seized by the flames, should burn ; and the curious frame of the universe perish, in a general conflagration. This dire artillery, forged by the hands of the Cyclops, is therefore laid aside, and he resolves upon another method of punishment ; to drown mankind by an universal deluge, and pour down rain from all parts of heaven. Immediately he shuts up the North-wind in the caves of jEoIus, Avith all the cloud-dispelling blasts ; and then sends out the South-wind. The South-wind flies abroad, scattering fogs from his moist wings : his countenance is covered with thick and horrid darkness ; his beard loaded with showers ; and the water flow s in streams from his hoary locks : dark clouds gather round his forehead ; his wings, and the plaits of his robe distil in drops. And still, as sweeping along, lie squeezed the hang- ing clouds with his broad fist, a noise was heard, and redoubled showers NOTES. 255. Longvsqueardesceretaxis.'] The ijsg. Manibus fabricata Cyclopum,'] axis of the world, according to astro- The Cyclops, accordiim to Hesiod, were noiuers, is an imaginary right line pass- the suns of Coelus and Terra ; they had iiig through the centre of the earth, but o:ie eye in tl.eir forehead, and were and upon which the whole frame of the employed by Jupiter in forging Iiis heavens was supposed to tuni round; thunderbolts. though later discoveries tell us, that S62. JEoliis antris.'] The caves in only the earth moves round its axis, and which the vviuils were confined were causes that appearance of the heavens. under the jwriidiction of .MjIus. 22 P. OVIDII NASONIS fragor ftt, hinc chnsi Y\i fraoor, liinc densi fund untur ab aethere nimbi. ntmbt juiiiliiiiliir «o • t • • • i i r>r-i , ••.t- t a fi rf a. coiores.comipit (iqiias, Concipit Iris aquas, anmentaque nnbibus aiiert. 6fif^''ASM 'X: Sternuntur segetes, et deplorata coloni nuntur, enota coloni Vota iacent, lono;ique labor perit irritus anni. (h']ilorata jacnit ; In- -.-^ •^, ' oi .i, i-n borqiie irritus lorigi JNec coelo contenta suo Jovis ii'a : sea ilium Cseruleus frater juvat auxiliaribus undis. 275 Convocathic amnes : qui postquam tecta tyranni Intraveve sui, Non est hortamine longo Nunc, ait, utendum ; vires efFundite vestras : (Sic opus est) aperite domos, ac mole remota, Fluminibus vestris totas immittite habenas. 280' Jusserat : hi redeunt, ac fontibus ora relaxant, irritus uiiiii peril. Nee crat ira Jovis cnntetita .suo coelo. ■ scd J'rutcr carir- li'ii.t (Ncptiinus) jurat ilium tmdis utixiimri- bux. Hie coniocat amnes. Quiio.stquam iiitravCre tecta .sui tiiraniti, ait, nort est ■utendum nunc lojigo liortuminc : ejf'undite restras tira. .Sic est OPUS. Averite domos : -ni. -i p . i , • ac remota mole, im- ii't cletrsenato volvuntuf in eequora cursu. Zi['lrltri%Zninibm. ^P^^ tridcute suo terram percussit : at ilia ju.s.terat; 'hi redeunt, Intrcmuit, motuQue siiius patefccit aquarum. ac relaxant ora Jonti- -ry .• . ■ ^ ^ n • i^QPi bus: et voivuntur in xiiXpatiata fuunt per apertosilumina campos ; 2oo aqiiora cursu defra- ■nato. Ipse percussit terramsuo tridente : at ilia intremuit, motuque petefecit sinus aquarum, I'tumina expatiata ruunt per apertos compos ; TRANSLATION. came pouring from the sky. Iris, the messenger of Juno, clad in colours of various dve, collects her waters, and feeds the clouds with contniued supplies. Then corn is laid flat beneath the impetuous rains, and the husbandman, defrauded of his hopes, laments to see the labour of the long year perish. Nor cai) the floods poured down from heaven satisfy the vengeance of Jove : blue Neptune aids him with his auxiliary waves. He calls together the rivers ; who when assembled in the palace of the watery tyrant : " I have not now time (says he) for a long " exhortation ; pour out all your rage, so Jove requires ; open your " sources, bear down every obstacle, and with unbridled course hurry " on your waves." He said: they return, and opening wide the mouths of their foun- tains, roll on their streams with impetuous rage to the sea. The god himself struck the earth with his trident ; she, with inward trembling, opened her deep caverns, and poured out the gushing floods. The ex- panded rivers, with spreading waves, rush into the open plains, and bear NOTES. 271. Nuntia Junonis.'\ Iris, or the rainbow, was a divinity purely phy- sical : but Greek mythology, which personified every thinjr, made lier a young woman, clothed in a ha;jit of different colours, aiv.'ays seated by the throne of Juno, and ready to execute lier orders. Hence she was feigned to be the messenger of that goddess, as Mercury uas of Jupiter. 'Jhey have framed a genealogy for her too ; and we are told that she was the daughter of Thauinas, a poetical personage, whose name is derived from a Greek word tliat signifies to admire ; which, after all, is proper enough to denote the (juality of the meteor they de- signed to describe, there being no- thing more admirable than that l)ow, Mhich is lormtd by the diups of wa- METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. I. 23 Cumque satis arbusta simiil, pecudesque, vi- »"!'?'"'«^9«« arbusta T^ ' -T T.^^> " simul cum satis, pccit- rOSque, desque, rirosque, tec- m i • • J. „ i T • taque, penetraliaqne lectaque cumque suis rapiunt penetralia sacris. acm sufs sacris. si Si qua domus mansit, potuitque resistere tanto V/ '^ , 1 c\r^A. '^"f curvcE Carina: le- i\unciDiaeiormesponuntsuacorporapnocse.3(]9 runt subjecta vineta. Mirantur sub aqua lucos, urbesque, domosque" f^JZ S'ir" Jr" Nereides : sylvasque tenent delphines, et altis """> '''' ''^formes piw- 1-' . T^ . I ' c , ■ ^ aquurum. Ibi mons JN omine ramassus, superatque cacumiiie uuoes. 'bm"'vn-t^bull''p!n-- Hie ubi Deucalion (nam esetera texerat sequor) nassus mmine, siipe- CuHi confofte toii uai'va rate vectus adheesit, ratqnc uuoes cacumi- --^, . , , * . • i ne. cbiihucaiionrec- Uorycidas nymphas, et numina montis adO' tus purvu rate cum „ a. "^OO consortc tori, utltitesit rant, 04,\J rat iZ7L7"adoruu't Fatidicamque Themin ; qua tunc orac' la tenebat, nyiupiias coriicidas,et j^^on illo melior Quisquam, nec amantior sequi iiuiniiia mantis. The- -^-r- c- ■ j . mi i ,■ ii i ininque fatidicam qua \ IX luit, aut ilia nietucntior uUa deorum. tunc tenebat oruculu. Nun vir quisquam fuit melior illo, nec amantior erqui ; aut uUa i sumilnr illi, qU(F cres- Contigit, et cecinit jussos mnata receptus; o4(J ctt m latum ab imo Omnibus audita est telluris, et sequoris undis : vt ^cZcepu"aerJ"m Et quibus est undis audita, coercuit omnes. medio ponto, repiet i- ' voce, littora jacentia sub titroque Plicebo. Turn quoque ut contigit ora dei rorantia madidea est sortetn,. ^ , c o - . - . ^ , >.» ^ pio ; it niate caput ; ±,t delate coDut ; cinctdsque resolvite vestes : resolviteque cinctas /x l i . .- • - * \_ vestes; juciaieqiie post Ussaquepost tcrgimi magno^ jactttte parmtis. parentis, "'obst^pufre pbstupuere (fiu : rumpitque silentia voce rum^t'ZiZZZ.cc. Pyrrha prior; jussisquedeaeparere recusal: 385 reciisafqiieparerejiis- Detque sibi veuiam, pavido roo;at ore: pavetque sis detF ; roeatouepa- ti -.,• , -," ,'* ^^ Tirio ore nt det sibi Laedere jactatis maternas ossibus umbras. veniam ; pai>clqiie Ire- dere umbras maternas jactatis ossibus. In- terea repetunt secvm verba data sortis, ob- scura crccis latebris, tolutantque ea inter se. Jnde Promethides mulcet Epimethida jilacidis dictis ; et nit, Aut solertia est fallax f\ - ~t*- i ~ , ■" ■% nobis, aut oracula Ussa reor dici : jacere nos post terga jubeniur. nuHum"«ij^!^"'7w^a Conjugis augurio quamquani titania mota est magna parens : reor lapides in corpore terra' did ossa ; jubc- mur jacere hos post terga. Titania, qiium- guum est mota augurio conjugis, tamen spes -^ . . ^ - "^^ "t/!"^'"' "'/'''' Et iussos lapides sua post vestiaia mittunt. ambo d'Jjidunt momtis -J i i o ccelestibus ; sed quod ■nocebit tentare ? Descendunt, vilantque caput, recinguntque tunicas, et mittunt jussos lapides post sua vestigia. TRANSLATION. answered : Depart from the temple, veil your heads, and, loosening your garments, throw behind you the bones of your mighty mother. Long they stood amazed, till Pyrrha first breaks silence, and refuses to obey the dire commands of the goddess. Mlth trembling mouth she implores forgiveness, and dreads to offend her mother's shade, by throwing behind her these holy relics. In the mean time they revolve again and again the words of the oracle involved in deep mystery, and ponder them with themselves. At length the son of Prometheus thus, with mild benevolence, addresses his spouse : Either my discern- ment fails, or the oracles are just, and advise no sacrilege. Our mighty mother is the earth, and the stones in the body of the earth are, as I imagine, called her bones : these we are commanded to throw be- hind us. — Pyrrha, though pleased with the solution of her spouse, yet fluctuates between hope and fear : so much do both distrust the com- mands of heaven : but where is the harm to try ? They descend yrowi the mount, veil their heads, and unbind their vests, and, as commanded, throw stones behind them. The stones, (who could believe it, did not NOTES. 382. Kt vcUile caput.'] It was the cus- tom anions; tlie ancients to cover their heads in sacrifice and other acts of wor- ship. 395. Tita7iia.] Pyrrha was of the race of the Titans ; for Japetus, lier grand- fatlier, Terra. was the son of Titan and METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. 1. 29 Saxa (quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetus- tas?)^ , . 400 Ponere duritiem coepere, suumque rigorem ; MoUirique mora, mollitaque ducere formam. Mox, ubi creverunt, naturaque mitior illis Contigit; ut qusedam, sic non manifesta, videri Forma potest hominis, sed uti de marmore coep- to, 405 Non exacta satis, rudibusque simillima signis. Qu£e tamen ex illis aliquo pars humida siicco, Et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum : Quod solidum est flectilq ; nequit, mutatur in ossa: Quod modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine man- sit. 410 Inque brevi spatio, superorum munere, saxa Missa viri manibus faciem traxere virilem ; Et de foemineo reparata est foemina jactu. Inde genus durum sumus,experiensqiie laborum: Et documenta damus, qua simus origine nati. 415 IX. Caetera diversis tellus animalia formis Sponte sua peperit ; postquam vetus humor ab igne Percaluit solis, coenumque, udaeque paludes Intumuere aestu ; fcecundaque semina rerum Vivaci nutrita solo, ceu matris in alvo, 420 Creverunt, faciemque aliquam cepere morando. morando aliquam faciem. TRANSLATION. antiquity bear witness to the tradition ?) began to lay aside their hard- ness, and natural rigour, and softening by degrees, to assume a new shape. Presently after, they are seen to swell, and partaking of a milder nature, took upon them some appearance of human shape, though as yet hut imperfect and confused, like rude images of marble just begun, Avhere the chisel has not traced out the true likeness of features. The moist and earthy parts were turned into flesh and juices for the use of the body. What was solid and unyielding changes to bones, and what was before a vein, still remains under the same name. Thus in a little time, by the miraculous interposition of the gods, the stones thrown by the man assumed the face and form of men, and those thrown by the woman renewed the female race. Hence we are a hardy gene- ration, patient of labour and fatigue, and give daily proofs of the original whence we are sprung. IX. The earth of her own accord produced other animals of different forms, after that the native moisture was thoroughly digested by the rays of the sun, and the mud and fens began to ferment with the heat ; for the fruitful seeds of things thus nourished by the enlivening soil as in Saxa (quis credat hoc, nisi vetustas sit pro teste) cajitre ponere duritiem, suumque ri- gorem, moraque mol- liri, mollitaque, ducere J'ormum. Mox ubi cre- verunt, nuturaqne mi- tior contigit illis, tit quadam forma homi- nis, quanquam adhuc 7ion sic manifesta po- test videri ; sed uti de ccepto marmore, uon satis exacta similli- maque rudibus signis. Tamen pars ex illis, qu(B fuit humida ali- quo succo, et terrena, est versa in itsuin cor- poris. Quod est soli, dum, nequitque Jiecti, mutatur in ossa. Quod modo fuit vena, mansit sub eodem nomine. In- que spatio l>revi, saxa missa manibus viri mu- 7iere superorum, trax- ere faciem virilem ; et f(xmina est reparata de jactu famine o. Inde sumus gemis durum, experiensque laborum : et damus dociimenta qua origine simus nati. IX. Tellus suA sponte peperit ccetera anima- lia diversis formis ; postquam vetus humor percaluit ab igne solis; canumque,udffque pa- ludes intumuire astu : seminaqueftecunda re ■ rum nutrita vivaci solo, creverunt ceu in alvo matris, cepereque 30 P. OVIDII NASONIS Sic ubi iseptemfluijf Sic ubi desevuit madidos septemfluus agros JVilus dcseruit 'iiarii- . _ . i i i- t, i dos ugrox, ct reddidit Nilus, et antiquo sua numina reddidit alveo, sua Jliimhia antiqun alveo, limiisquc reccns exarsit trlheno sidcrc; cuJtores glebii rersis, inveiiiuiil piiirima nni- muliii, et ill his q iitrdam tnodo cffp/a, sub ipsum 7ent''!Puadanrmper- Nascendi spatium ; quaedara imperfecta, snisque fecta, truncuque suis mcmbris : et scope in eodem corpore, pars altera vivit, pars al- tera est rudis tellus. Quippe ubi hamorque culorque sumsCrc tem- jieriem, coiiripiu'il .• et ciincta oriuiiliir ubliis duobus. ('unique ignis sit yiignax aqua, Im- tnidus vapor creat omiies res, ct disrors Concordia est ajita fa- tibus. Ergo ubi tellus liitulenta rereuti di- luvio recunduit trthe- reis solibus altO'iue iEstu,ediditinnumeras _ _ _ _ _ species; pnrtimque Reddidit antiquas 1 partim nova monstra creavit. reddidit antiquus fi- _,. . Hi • t» guras ; partim creavit ilia quidem iiollet ; sed tc quoque, maxime ry- tlion, jEthereoque recens exarsit sidere limus : Plurima cultores versis animalia olebis 425 Inveniunt ; et in his, qujedam modo coepta sub ipsum Trunca videntliumeris ; et eodem in corpore saepe Altera pars vivit ; rudis est pars altera tellus. 430 Quippe ubi temperiem sumsere humorque, ca- lorque, Concipiunt : et ab his oriuntur cuncta duobus. Ciimque sit ignis aquae pugnax \ vapor humidus oranes Res creat ; et discors concordia foetibus apta est. Ergo ubi diluvio tellus lutulenta recenti Solibus iethereis, altoque recanduit aestu ; 435 Edidit innumeras species ; partimque figuras nova monstra. Ilia tel- lus quidem nollet, sed mTxime'p!/tho7l]'''lnl "^^^^^ genuit ; popuhsque novis, incognita serpens, serpens incognita, eras Terror cras : tantumspatii de monte tenebas. 440 terror novis populis: '■ tenebas tantum spatii de monte. TRANSLATION, a kindly womb swelled, and in time took on a regular shape. Thus when seven -channelled Nile forsakes the oozy fields, and recalls his wa- ters to their ancient bed, and the fresh mud is warmed by the sun's Eethereal rays : the labourers, in turning up the glebe, find innumerable animals, among which are some just begun, and in the first rudiments of organization ; some imperfect, and short of their limbs : nay, it often happens, that in the same body one part lives, the other is a lump of earth. For when heat and moisture are mixed in due proportion, they conceive, and all things arise from these two. For though fire and water are repugnant to each other, yet a moist vapour gives birth to things, and this friendly discord is the source of generation. When therefore the earth, covered with mud by the late deluge, was thoroughly heated by the glowing rays of the sun, she produced innumerable species of creatures, and partly restored the former shapes, partly gave birth to new and unknown monsters. Unwillingly indeed, yet she produced thee also, enormous Python, a serpent of an unusual kind, and the great terror of this new race of mortals ; so vast and mountain-like thy bulk. NOTES. 422. Sicubideseruit.'] The river Nile, famous for its seven nioiitlis, by which it empties itself into the sea, is also re- markable for its inundations, which hap- pen regularly every year, and overflow the whole fountry of ^gypt. To this the uncommon fertility of that kingdom IS chiefly for when the waters METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. I. 31 Hunc deus arcitenens, et nunquam talibus armis ^f^^^.Ti'^^^b.:' Ante nisi in damis capreisque tugacibus usus, armis ante nisi in da- ,,' ,,• 1 ,A \i .A mis, fus'acibusque ca- MiUe graveni telis, exhausta pene pharetra, j,,.^;,, pemdit hunc Perdidit, effuso per vulnera nigra veneno. |-Xi ^Il/fe.^ Neve operis famam posset delere vetustas ; 445 '. Nee quid Hymen.} Hymenaeus that of Hymenaeia to the festival tliat was one of the gods invoked in mar- jiage: hence the name of Hymen was given to the i^nion of two >poiise.s, and was celebrated in honour of the who presided over marriages. god 34 P. OVIDII NASONIS Ilia fiigu, odor levi \\\^ jgyj . neque ad hiKc revocantis verba resistit. aura; neque re.ilxtiC ~^r ^ -r\ Nympha, precor, Peneia, mane : non insequor hostis : 604 aii lifTc lerba Apollinis revocantis ; iiymyha Peneia j precor i.iaiie ; vti^nioii insequor hostix. iXytuphii mane ; sic agnu fngit h;pnm, sic ccrid fiigit leoiicni, sic sic queequefugmni suos Imstes; amor est causa scqnendimihi. Heii wt miseriim,ne cailas ]iio- it(i neve seiites sceetit crura indigna Itri/i, tt eoo sim causa doloris tihi. Loca per qua Nympha, mane: sic agnalupum, sic cervaleonem, Sic aquilam penna fugiunttrepidantecolumbtB : coiumba jugiuu't aqni- Hostes QUceq; suos: amoi' estmihi causa scQuendi. lam crevidanle vennil, -ai\ • i i • j- i j' '^ • Me miserum ! ne pi'ona cadas, indignave laBcli Crura secentsentes: et sim tibi causa doloris. 509 Aspera,quaproperas,loca svmt: moderatius,oro, Curre,i"ugamqueinhibe:moderatiLisinsequaripse. Cui placeas, inquire tamen. Non incola montis, properas sunt asyera. '^qh eoQ sum pastor: Hon hic armenta, orreo-esve Orocurre moderatius, .» I '. _'o_o Horridus observo : nescis, temeraria, nescis 514 Quern fugias:ideoquefugis rniihi Delphicatellus, Et Claros, et Tenedos, Patareeaque regia servit. Jupiter est genitor : per me, quod eritque, fuitque, Estque patet: per me concordant carminanervis. Certa quidem nostra est : nostra tamen una sagitta Certior, in vacuo quse vulnerapectore fecit 520 Inventummedicinameumest; opiferq; per orbem Dicor; et herbarum subjecta potentia nobis. Hei mihi, quod nullis amor est medicabilis herbis ; Nee profunt d omino, quae prosunt omnibus, artes! iiihibeque fugam ; ip^e insequor moderatius. Tamen inquire cui placeas. Ego non sum incola montis, ego non sum pastor: non hor- ridus observo hic ar- menta gregesie : teme- raria nescis, nescis quern fugias ; iileoque fugis. Delphicate/lus, tt Claros, et Tenedos, regiaque Putartra ser- vit mihi. Jupiter est genitor ! quod eritque, fuitque, estque, patet per me : Carmina con- cordant nervis per me. Nostra sagitta quidem est certa : tamen una sagitta est certior nntrA, qucc fecit vii'nera in vacuo pectore. Medicina est meum inven- tum ; dicorque opifer per orbem, et potentia herbarum est subjecta nohii. Hei mihi, quod amor est medicabilis nullis herbis : nee artes qua prosunt omnibus, prosunt domino! TRANSLATION. almost bare ; and persuades himself, that the beauties yet unseen are still more enchanting. She flies swifter than the wind. In vain he endeavours to stop her by these alluring words : " Stay, Peneian nymph, I do not pursue you as an enemy ; lovely " nymph, stay : it is thus that the lamb flies the wolf, the fearful doe " the lion, and doves, with trembling wings, the eagle ; thus each the " enemy he dreads. Love is the cause of my following. Ah, how I fear " lest you should fall, or the thorns pierce your feet, too tender to be " hurt, and I be the cause of pain to you. The ways through which " you hasten are rough and pointed: restrain, I pray, your flight ; run " more moderately, and I will pursue with less ardour : yet think whom " it is you please. I am no inhabitant of the mountains, or simple shep- " herd here in mean array, to watch the herds or flocks. You know " not, rash nymph, you know not whom you fly, and therefore fl} . I " am adored at Delphos, Tenedos, Claros, and Patara: Jupiter is my " father. By me things past, present, and to come, are revealed ; by " me the words are fitted to the harmonious lyre : my arrow indeed is " sure, but ah more deadly his, who made this cruel wound in abreast " imtouched before. Medicine is my invention ; I am honoured through " the world as a sovereign physician, and acquainted with all the powers NOTES. 515. Delphicatellus.'] Delphos was a nassus, and famous for the oracle of City of Plioris in Achaia, uear to Pai- Apoi!:;, !!>;>.t was ti.'tre in great esteem. METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. I. 35 Peneia timido cursu fiigit earn iocutm'um 'plu ra, reliq nil q tie ver- ba imperfecta cum ipso. Tiiiii quoque est li.ui decens. Venti nit- (iabant corpora, Jlu- mhiaquc ubriu vibra- bant ad versus restcs ; ff levis aura dubat retro capillos iiii])exos; Forriiuque ejus est aiicta Jugil. iSedenim juvcnts deus, non sus- tliiet ultra perdere bUiuditiiis: utque ipse amor inovehat, sequi tur vestigia admisso passu. Ut canis gal licus cum vidit lepon m in vacuo arvo ; et hie jietit predaui pcdit/us, ille petit salutem. Al- ter similis irtiiasuro, jam jamque sperat it depreusus, ct Plura locuturum timido Peneia cursu 525 Fugit; cumque ipso verba imperfecta reliquit. Turn quoque visadecens:nudabantcorpora venti, Obviaque adversas vibrabant iiamina vestes, Etlsevis impexos retro dabat aura capillos. 529 Auctaq; forma fuga est. Sed enim non.sustinet ultra Perdere blanditias juvenis deus : utque movebat Ipse amor, admisso sequitur vestigia passu. ~tJt canis in vacuo leporem ciam gallicus arvo Vidit; ethicprsedam pedibus petit, ille salutem: Alter inheesuro similis, jam jamque tenere 535 Sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro; Alter in ambiguo est, an sit deprensus, et ipsis tenere, et stringit vestigia extento rostro: alter est in ambiguo an s TRANSLATION. " of simples. Alas ! that love is not to be cured by herbs, and those " arts which give relief to all, are unprofitable only to their master 1" The daughter of Peneus still flies, nor regards him, as he thus conti- nued his complaints, and the imperfect accent dies on her ear : then too she appeared lovely ; the winds exposed her body to view, the meeting blasts tossed back he^r flowing robe, and the gentle gales spread her careless locks behind : thus her flight increased her beauty. But the youthful god, too eager to lose his time in empty compliments, and urged by love, pursues his steps with quickened pace. As when a greyhound has spied a hare in the open plain, and with redoubled speed pursues his prey, she with equal speed eludes his steps : the one just ready to fasten, hopes every moment to secure his hold, and, with extended jaws, presses upon her heels ; the other, in doubt whether NOTES. 533. Ut canis in vacuo ^ The simile is The short compass of these notes wiil not allow me to illustrate similar pas- sages by comparing tliein miuutely witli each other, though perhaps nothing could contribute more to form the taste, and give the mind a right tincture. I shall therefore sometimes, though not so often as I could wish, take that liberty. The simile of the Greyhound in Ovid, and of the Eagle in Mr. Pope, are both finely imagined, and receive a consider- able beauty from tlie repetitions. I mean the marking distinctly the eager- ness and swiftness wherewith the one pursues, and the other fiies: for by that means their mutual struggles are more strongly represented to tlie fancy ; and it would be hard to say which has suc- ceeded best. But in the descriptive part, where the god gains upon the nymph, and at last comes up with her ; the English poet has manifestly improv- ed upon the hint here given him. He enters into a particular detail of cir- cumstances, and with a liveliness of here dravni with all the strengt!) and colouringofpoetry,and admirably fitted to give us an idea of tlie eagerness wherewith the god pursued on tlie one hand, and the an.xiety wherewith the nymph endeavoured to escape on the other. Mr. Pope, in his Windsor-Forest, has imitated this passage, where he de- scribes the nymph Lodona pursued by Pan and transformed into a river. As the whole passage in the English poet is inexpressibly beautiful, and wrought up with all the interesting circumstances that can engage the attention of the reader, I shall transcribe it here entire, and compare it with Ovid. Not Iialf so 5nift tlie trembling doves can fly, When the fierce eagle cieaves tiie liquid sky ; Not half so swiftly the fierce eagle movef, When thro' the clo'uds he drives the trembling doves; As from the god she flew with furious pace. Or aa the god more furious uv^'d the cha*e. Now faintmj, sinkinf, pale, the nymph appears, Now close behind his soundinj ste'ps she hears; Aud now his shadow reached her as she run, His shadow lengthened by the setting sun : And now his shorter breath v ith sultry air. Pants on her neck, anj fans her rartiMghair. D 2 36 P. OVIDII NASONIS ^Jit^'^it^t^om*^^^ Morsibuseripitur; tangentiaque ora relinquit: ^.7///,/. .Sic Pit rieiis et Sic deus, et vireo est: hie spe celer, illatimore. rhxo, l>'<^' cell rspe ilia t-\ • j. ■ -^ -T, • r An ciicris thnore. Tanuii Q ui taiiien iiiseqiutur, peiinis acljutus auioris, 540 %uf^u!s'ZA Ocior est, requiemque negat; tergoque fugaci c^t ocwr,m';,atquere- Imminet : et crinem sparsum cervicibus afflat : quiem;iinmtnct.queter- _.. ., ' . i^ . go/Kgaci ; et ajftat cri- Viiious absumptis expalluit ilia ; citeeque b',,7. ^^mu'i7nbl7'ab. Victa labore fuga, spectans Peneidas undas, 544 tag7eMore'clu^^^^^^ ^^^'> P^^ter, inquit, opem,si flumina numen habetis, spectans undus iy>i>i- [Quanimiuni placui, tellus, aut hisce ; vel istani, 'o%m'7i"vosjfi"ni,iaka- Qu8e facit ut Isedai, mutando perde figuram.] S«"S;S"S Vix prece finita, torpor gravis alligat artus: hhce; vel ptrde iyam Mollia cinouiitur tenui praecordia libro : fgiiram qiiir factt ut o . . 1 . rm ladar, mutando cam. In troiidem crines,in ramos brachiacrescunt. 5oO ris torpor alligat ^es mocio taoi velox pigns radicibus haeret : %-ffcordul^'lL-Z'utnr ^^'^ cacumeii obit: remanet niter unus in ilia. temii lihro: ° crinex Hanc QUOQue Phsebus amat : positaoue in stipitc cresciiiit in fiondem, A t- ^^ brackia cresciiiit in uextra 7eZ',hIret rS^IZ Sentit adhuc trepidare novo sub cortice pectus. dicibus : cacumen ohit Complexuso : suis ramos, ut membra, lacertis, 555 ora: mlor u/iiis re- ^-. r ^i^ n ■ it tnanet in ilia, phcehns (Jscula dat liguo : reiugit tameu oscula lignum. antat banc qiioque : r^ • j a ^ • • ? positiique dextrd in Cui QBUS : Atconjuxquoniammeanonpotesesse ; stipite, sentit pectus adhuc trepidare sub novo cortice. Complext(sque ramos, ut membra, suis lacertis, dat os- cula ligno : lAgmim tamen refiigit oscula. Cui deus dixit : at quoniam non potes esse. TRANSLATION. already seized, escapes from his very bites, and starts from his mouth as it touches her. Such was the god, and such the flying nymph : he urged by hope, and she by fear. But the pursuer, wafted by the wings of love, gains upon her, and denies her rest ; and now she hears his steps close behind her ; now his breath fans her parting hair. The nymph (her strength failing) grew pale, and spent with the labour of so long a flight, cast a mournful look upon the streams of Peneus : " Oh " help me, father, in this extreme necessity, if you rivers are really " deities. O earth, in which I have too much delighted, open to re- " ceive me, or change this form, the cause of all my sorrows." Scarce had she ended her prayer, when a heavy numbness tied up her joints ; a filmy rind grows round her body ; her hairs sprout into leaves, her arms into boughs ; and her feet, so swift of late, stick fast by dull roots : her head is covered by a shady top, and her beauty and neat- ness alone remain. This too is the darling of Phoebus, who clapping his hand upon the trunk, feels her bosom yet pant under the new bark. Then entwining his arms in the boughs, heaps kisses upon the wood, which seemed to start back, and decline his embraces : to whom the god, " Though you cannot be my wife, I yet espouse you for my tree. NOTES. imagination, that makes >is in a manner neck. Tiie reader is by this means ac- spectators of the chase. The nympli quainted with the several successions of first hears behind lier the sounding steps fear as they arise in the mind of tlie of the deity : she then perceives that nympli, sees her danger still increas- his shadow Iras readied her ; and last of ing, and is in pain for her every mo- all, feels his breath panting upon her meiil. METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. I. 37 Arbor eris, cert^-, dixit, mea : semper habebunt »f^« ^X^) 'Z'l nil Te coma, te citharee, te nostrse, laure, pharetrse. <'« la^ro scmyer ua- TuducibusLatiisaderis,cumlaetatrmmpnum5oU tra- habebunt te, et Vox caiiet : et longae visent capitolia pompae. Jlf habctZ' /^ ' rL" Postibus Auo-ustis eadem fidissima custos «''"'/ '/'t'" 'l^'I'^'fi' o ^ tu?/i td'tii vox cdtii'Ji in- Ante fores stabis; mediamquetuebere quercum: umiihum; et ion«(c Utque meiim mtonsis caput est juvemle capiUis, lu,. tu cadcm, nau- Tu quoq ; perpetuos semper gere frondis honores. t:i,^;:;Za^f^ Finierat Paean : factis modo laurea ramis 566 fores; tuehenque que,-. Annuit : utque caput, visa est agitasse cacumen. meum cujn.t est juve- ■\Tr -i-i > TT • i. „ ,^J ,,-.^ 7iUe intonsis cavillis ; XL Est nemus Hzemoniag, pra^rupta quod un- ^^^ qnoque, semper ge- aique Ciauait jroiidu. Paun finie- Svlva : vocant Temper per quse Peneus ab imo rat. Laurea amntit T^ry -!->■ 1 I '.1 /. J. r-(-> ramii modo/acti^.est- EflUSUS PmdO SpumOSlS VOlvitur UndlS : O/U que visa agUassecucu- Dejectuque gravi tenues agitantia fumos '"xi."iw'«"L« He- Nubila conducit, summasque aspergine sylvas monia,quodi,reruyta . ' ^ ^ . .1 9 • sylvaclattdit urMique: Impluit et sonitu plus quam vicma tatigat. vacant Tempe: per HI 1 11 J. i.1' -»,„™-,-,4 qua Pefieus effiisus ab jecdomus,naiCsedes,na2Csuntpenetraliamagm i,,,^ pi„„„ ■'ruhitur Amnis:inhocresidensfactodecautibusantro,575 ^^;~ ^^^^- ^.»«- Undis jura dabat, nymphisque colentibus undas. vi, wbua' ugHu^ntm -^ -^ . '11 1 • n • • ■^ tenues fumos, implu- L'Onvenuint illuc popularia tlumuia prmium ; uque s'ummas .^yivas- Nescia gratentur, consolenturne parentem, pZ7qi"m vfchm'foca Populifer Spercheos, et irrequietus Enipeus, muT'hff^sedeT ifa'c sunt penetralia magni umnis : residens in hoc antra facto de cautibus, dabat jura vndis, viimphisqne colentibus undas. Popularia J/umhia primu?ii conieninnt illuc, nescia graten- tur, console nt urnc pureiilem. Spercheos pvpulifer ; it Knipcus irrequietus, TRANSLATION. " My hair, my harp, and quiver, shall be always adorned with branches " of laurel. You shall attend upon the Latian leaders, when the joyfid " acclamations of the soldiers proclaim a triumph, and pompous trains " visit the eapitol. You too shall stand before the gate of Augustus, " the faithful guardian of the oaken crown. And as my head is ever " youthful Avith uncut locks, be you too adorned with the unfading ho- " nours of green leaves." Apollo ended : the grateful laurel, with nodding boughs, expressed its joy, and seemed to shake its shady top. XL There is in Thessaly a valley called Tempe, enclosed on all sides by a forest mounted on craggy rocks ; through this the river Peneus, issuing from the bottom of rindus, rolls his foaming waves. The river, by its mighty fall, raises thick mists, which scattering their drops in thin vapours gently sprinkle the tops of the Avoods, and spread the noise of their fall to a great distance. This is the house, this the mansion, this the retired sanctuary of the great river. Here, residing in a cave formed by rocks, he gave laws to the Avaters. Hither all the neigh- bowing streams first resort, uncertain whether to congratidate the father, or lament his daughter's fate; Sphercheos, crowned with poplar, restless Enipeus, aged Apidanus, gentle Amphrysus, and jEas : then a NOTES. 574. HcEC domus, &:c.] The poets took their rise, the habitations of the called the fountains, from whence rivers gods of these rivers. 38 P. OVIDII NASONIS wVr^T'iwVitrr"^' 'et Apiua nusq; senex, lenisq; Amphrysos, etiEas::>so .cfttf.t. Moxqin'riia'am- Moxciuc aniiies alii: qui, qua tulit impetus illos, nes, qui una hiivctus t ii . n -i i fiiiif. iiius, (latuviint In marc ciediicnnt tessas erronbus undas. Inachus unus abest ; imoque reconditus antro Fletibus auget aquas ; natamque miserrimus 16 tarn lo, ut uiiiisMim, Ne.scit fruatiiriie vitit, an sit (ifiud ^naiu's : scd piitat ill:im quam von invenit usqnum, c\sc misqiitim ; (itqiie verctur prjorii aiiimo. Jupiter vidtriit lo re- denntem a putrin Jiii- niine: riixeratqiif, O rirgt) di^iia Jove, fin- turaqite nescio qiiein beatiim tun toro, pcfe umbras altorum »e- moriim ( et monstrdie- rat umlrns nemoriiin ) diim calit, et sol est nlli.ssinuis, medio or be. Quod .\i times iiitrare sola (atehra^J'ertirutn; subibis tutu secie/a nemorum deo preside : in mare undtis fessas erroribus. Jnacii us unus II best : recondi- t usque imo antro, ait- -.- •^-.,^p. ^oc get aquas ftetiims: que Lue,"et, ut amissaiu : nescit vitaue iruatur, ooo miserrimus luaet no- * '" ■. i l • -j. An sitapud manes: sed,quamnonmvenitusquam, Esseputat nusquam, atque animo pejora veretur. Viderat a patrio redeuntem Jupiter 16 Flumine: et, 6 virgo Jove diona, tuoque beatum Nescio quem factura toro, pete, dixerat, umbras, Altorum nemorum (et nemorum monstraverat umbras) 591 Dum calet, et medio sol est altissiraus orbe. Quod si sola times latebras intrare ferarum ; PrcKside tuta deo nemorum secreta subibis : Nee de plebe deo : sed qui ccclestia magna 595 Sceptra manu teneo, sed qui vaga fulmina mitto. Ne fuge me (fugiebat enim) jam pascua Lerna?, vev deo de plebe; sed Cousitaque arboribus Lycsea reliquerat arva : ego, qui teneo calestia ^\ !•] .ai,"^t- Z sceptra mirgna manu J Cum deus mducta latas caligme terras fi^^na!"'^'fug^"^e, Occuluit, tenuitq ; fugam rapuitq; pudorem. 600 enim fugiebat'.- et janl Interea uiedios Juno despexit in agros, reliquerat pasciinJjer- i o ' niF, arraque. Lyeea consita arboribus; cum deus occuluit latas terras caliginil inductti, teituitque fugam ejus, rapuitquc pudorem,. Interea Juno despexit in medios agros, TRANSLATION, numerous throng of kindred brooks, who each, according to his cun-ent, after infinite windings, pour their streams into the sea. Inachus alone is absent, and shut up in his retired cave, mourns the loss of his daugh- ter lo, and augments the flood with his tears ; imcertain whether yet she enjoyed life, or wandered in the regions of the dead ; but as he can find her no where, concludes that she is no where, and fears the worst in his mind. Jupiter had seen lo returning from her father's brook, and said : " O virgin, worthy of Jove, and destined perhaps to make some " mortal happy, retire under the shade of these high trees (pointing " withal at the shade he meant) to avoid the scorching heat of the " sun, who now darts his rays from the middle of his orb. But if you " are afraid to enter alone these coverts, where lurk the savage kind, " yet you may safely pass through the retired shades, under the pro- " tection of a god ; nor a god of mean rank, but who sway v.dth power- " ful hand the sceptre of heaven, and temper the awful thunder. Oh " fly not" (for she fled). Already she had passed the pastures of Lerna, and the Lycean plains planted with trees, when Jupiter co- NOTES. in Peloponnesus, near to the river Ina- ."jSa. Inachus.] A river of Arliaia ; so called from Inaclms, thefoundDr of the kingdoHi of Argos, who caused a chan- nel to be dug for it. 5^/. Pasaiu Leina:] Lerna was a lake elms, famous for the serpent Hydra, which harboured in it, and was slain by Hercules. METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. I. 39 Et noctis faciem nebulas fecisse volucres t' mhata yoiucrex ne- ,,,.., . ,. n • • -11 biilas Jeofse facam Sub nitido mirata die ; non tluminis illas noi-th sub nimo die ; El ,• i'iill 'ii' sent it illas ?ioit esse sse, nee numenti sentit tellure remitti : nebulas j/umines, nee Atque suus conjux, ubi sit, circumspicit? utquas Ti!^i^^^ atque^eirewt Deprensi toties jam nosset furta maiiti. 606 mcitvbi su svuseon- Q, ^ , •- i r- 11 jux ; lit qua Jam vos- uempostquamcoeiononreppent: autego tailor, set jurta mnnti toties Aut ego Icedor, ait. Delapsaq ; ab sethere summo q7Jmnon repperit"ca. Constitit in terris : nebulasque recedere iussit. f'!,v"i!,'f"f '^','-^/'"'""' . . T . J out ego ler(/or (Idapsa- Con uo;is adventum praesenserat, mque nitentem a aii.iiafiirthrionvctrn- Doiiec Aristoriclae servandam tradidit Argo. ''ll^oTrhtorid^^T'Tr- Centum luininibus cinctuni caput Argus habebat. giis habehut caput I^^q guis vicibus capiebant bina quietem : 626 riiictiiin centum lumi- _^ J^ . . ^ .' nibus. j/icic biita cu- Cictera sci'vabant, atque m statione mane bant. picbiint Quietcm suis /-^ , • . , i iiiJT' Vic/bus: catcra .terra- Constiterat quocunque modo ; spectabat ad lo : t'suum'e. "%'mcuH. -^"tc oculos 16, quauivis aversus, habebat. " " ' ' Lucesinitpasci: ciimSoltelluresubaltaest; 630 Claudit, et indigno circumdat vincula collo, Frondibus arbuteis, et amara vescitur herba : Proque toro, terras non semper gramen habenti Incubat infelix: limosaque flumina potat. Ilia etiam supplex Argo cum brachia vellet 635 Tendere : non habuit, qua; brachia tende ret Argo : Conatoque queri mugitus edidit ore. Pertimuitquesonos,propriaqueexterrita voce est. Venit et ad ripas, ubi ludere sgepe solebat, Inachidas ripas: novaque ut conspexit in unda 640 Cornua, pertimuit, seque externata refugit. Naiades ignorant, ignorat et Inachus ipse. t/ue modo coiistiterut, spectabat adloujuain- vis aversus, habebat tauieii Jo ante vcutos. tS'iiiit ciiii pasci luce, cum sol tf.vf sub ulta tellurc, claudit earn ; et circumdat vincula indigno coUo. Pusci- tiir J'loitdibus arbute- is, et uinard herbd : proque toro, inj'elix incubat terra, non scmjier habenti gra- men; pot atque Ihnosa jiumina. Ilia etiam cum rellrt supplex tendere brachia Ar^o, lion habuit bracliia quw tenderrt Argo: c.:if/itque m XW.Epaphns tandem Ldliutlii r.reditur esse genitns Creditur csse Jovis : perquc urbes iuncta parciiti liHic de semaie inagm , ^ ■. ^ ■ ■ ■ "^ i- ^ joiis ; teneique tanpiti 1 eiTipla tenet. Jt* uit huic ammis sequalis et aiinis, Sole satus Phaeton : quern quondam magna lo- quentem, Nee sibi cedentem, Phceboq ; parente superbum loquen'em quondam ,y , t, i i • i i. • • j. • j rrmgny, nee cedentem 1\ ontulit Inacliides : iiiatrique, ait, Omnia deiiiens 'JentrpZ^lZ''aUql7, Credis : et es tumidus genitoris imagine falsi. Semens, credis omnia Erubuit Phacton, iraiiique pudore repressit : 755 main ; et es tiwndiis i >-~,i t-' i • • ■ imnginc falsi genitoris. JLt tulit ad Clymeneii rLpapiii convicia matrem. pressitqvrVam pu- Quoquc magis doleas, genitrix, ait, Ille ego liber, Bpaviu *'ad mutt'em ^^^^ fcrox, tacui : pudet hsec opprobria nobis Clymenen. Aitquequo Et dici pOtuisSC, Ct llOn potuisse lefelli. At tu, si modo sum coelesti stirpe creatus, 760 Ede notam tanti generis : meque assere ccelo. Dixit ; et implicuit materno brachia collo ; sum ereaius stirpe Perque suum, Meropisq ; caputtaedasq ;sororum, cwlesti.edc notam tanti m i j "j • -i • ■ !• generis; que assere me 1 1'aderet, oravit, veri sibi signa parentis. ca-lo. Dixit ; ct implicuit brachia collo materno. Oravitque per suum caput, perque caput Meropis, tffdasque sororum, tit tradcret sibi signa r^ri parentis. TRANSLATION. mouth becomes less, her arms and hands return, and her hoof vanish- ing is parted into five nails ; nothing of the heifer now remains but the whiteness of her skin ; aud the nymph, conteuted with the service of tM'o feet, raises herself upon them, yet fears to speak ; and mindful of her former lowings, attempts, with trembling lips, the long inter- rupted sounds. Now she is worshipped as a goddess by all the j9^gyp- tian throng, and served by priests clad in white linen. XV. To her at length Epaphus was bora, believed to be the son of mighty Jove, and has temples jointly with his mother in ail the cities of Egypt. To him Phaeton the son of Phoebus was equal in spirit and years, whom once affecting great things, nor yielding to him, but boast- ing of his sire the Sun, the grandson of Inachus could not bear, but said, you are silly enough to believe your mother in every thing, and swelled with the conceit of an imaginary father. Phaeton blushed, but shame suppressed his rage : he went to his mother Clymene, and told her of the insults of Epaphus : " And,mother, (says he,) to grieve you the " more, I, the boldand dauntless Phaeton, was silent at his reproaches. genitrix mugis doleus ; ego ille liber, illeferox tacui. Pudet ct hiec opprobria potuisse dici nobis, et non potuisse rejelli. At tu, si rnodo NOTES. 751. PhaHton.'] The son of Apollo and the nymph Clymene, who is said to have been the dau;;htcr of Oceanus aud Te- Ihys. The poet tl'.ns introdiices his story, which makes t!ie subject of the followinK book. METAMORPHOSEON, LiB.I. 47 Ambiguum, Clymene precibus Phaethontis, an i':^'f^TZ%'.rJwu ixQ. 765 precibns Phailthontis, _, \T. ••!•••• i. 1 an iril criminis dicti Mota magis dicti sibi criminis ; utraque coelo ^,6* ,- porrexit utraque Brachia porrexit : spectaiisque ad lumina Solis, %Z'q^t 'ad'hn'nina Per iubar,hoc,inquit, radiis iusigne coruscis, ■?'""> inqnit ; Nate, J .'. 1 T -J i jurotibij)trliocjuuar Nate, tibi juro, quod nos auditque videtque ; insigner'iduscoruscis. Hoc te, quern spectas, hoc te, qui temperat or- VT-,Te'cllCsinfimTot !-.„„, 770 *"'* qvem spectas, te "^^'■'- _ ■11 ^'^"^ Saturn hoc sole qui Sole satum: si ficta loquor.neget ipse videndum tempemt orbem. a'» -- .... ,. i .' ° .' . . loqiior Jicta, ipse neget Se mull ; sitque oculis lux ista novissinia nostris. se videndum miia -, sh- Nec longus patrios labor est tibi nosse penates : f^/rl^oc^r^Z Unde oritur, terras domus est contermina nostras, iahoriongus tibi n&sse v^iivjv. v^.ivvAi, V- ^ -11 patrios pentites; do- Si modo fert animus ; gradere : et scitabere ab »«»* unde oritur est ryry r tontermina nostra ter- ipSO. //O ra. Si modo animus Emicat exemplo laetus post talia matris tZU^lftpsJ. 'pit Dicta suae Phaethon, et concipit aethera mente : '''<"« ^'^'"^ vost taUa ^-, ' . 1 • -1 T J dicto sun~ biguumque Protea, REGIA Soils erat sublimibus alta columnis, Clara niicante auro, flammasque, imitante pyropo: Cuj us ebur nitiduni fastigia summa tegebat : Argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvae. Materiem superabat opus : nam Mulciber illic 5 iEquora coelarat medias cingentia terras, Terrarumq ; orbem, coelumq ; quod imminet orbi. Coeruleos habet unda deos ; Tritona canorum, Proteaque ambiguunijbaleenarumque prementem TRANSLATION. I. rr^HE Palace of the sun was raised high on lofty columns, and X shone with burnished gold, and flaming carbimcles. Its top was covered with polished ivory, and the folding gates diffused a silver light. The workmanship exceeded the matter ; for there Vidcan had graved the sea circling round the encompassed earth ; the earth itself, and the heaven which hangs over this orb. The waves are graced by the blue deities ; Triton with his sounding shell, changeable Proteus, and j9i]geon embracing with his arms the immense bulk of whales ; Doris and NOTES. We have seen, in the former book, that Phaeton had been insulted by Epa- phus, which occasioned iiis applying to his mother Clyniene, to know the cer- tainty of his birth. After saying every thing in her power to convince him, she at last advises him to repair to the pa- lace of his father, and have it contirnied there. Tiiis book begins with a de- scription of the palace where Phaeton is supposed to have arrived. Apollo receives him kindly, and owns him for his son : but he begging for some par- ticular pledge, by which others also might be induced to believe it , the god swears by the river Styx, that he will refuse him nothing: upon which he de- sires to conduct the chariot of tiie sun for a day. Apollo endeavours in a long speech to dissuade him from so rash and hazardous a design ; but finding all Jiis argument vain, is at last forced to submit. After giving him all necessary instructions, the youth sets out ; but not being able to command the horses, they forsake the beaten path, and hurry him away through unknown tracts. Upon which Jupiter, to prevent an universal conflagration, hurls iiis thun- der against Phaeton, who, ttimbling headlong from the chariot, falls lifeless into the river Po. 1. Regia soli s erat, &c.] Some think that the poet here had in his eye the temple and library built by Augustus, and consecrated to Apollo. 2. PiiropoJ] This is to be understood of the carbuncle, which was of much more considerable value than the ruby. 9. Proteaque amhiginim.'] Proteus a sea god, celebrated chiefly ainonj^ the poets for his power of assuming what shape he pleased. METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. II. 49 jEo-seona suis immania terga lacertis ; 10 Doridaque et natas : quarum pars nare videntur, Pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos ; Pisce vehi qusedam : facies non omnibus mia, Nee diversa tamen; qualem decet esse sorormii. Terra virosjurbesq; gerit, sylvasque, ferasque 15 Fluminaq ; et nymphas, et caetera numina ruris. Haec super imposita est coeli fulgentis imago ; Signaque sex foribus dextris, totidemque sinis- tris. Quo simul acclivo Clymenei'a limite proles Venit, et intravit dubitati tecta parentis ; 20 Protinus ad patrios sua fert vestigia vultus ; Consistitque procul : neque enim propiora fere- bat Lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat In solio Phoebus claris lucente smaragdis. A dextra,l6evaque, dies, etmensis,et annus, 25 Saeculaque, et positae spatiis sequalibus horse : Verque novum stabat cinctum florente corona : Stabat nuda jEstas, et spicea serta gerebat : steculaquF, et hortr posit /r ttqiialibiis spatiis stah^nl ; vcrqtic ftovtnn coronA : ccstas nuda stabat, et gerebat spicea serta. TRANSLATION. her daughters, part of whom appear swimming in the figured main, part sitting on a rock, divide their dropping locks, and some glide through the waters on fishes. The features were not the same in all, nor yet remarkably different ; a sister likeness might be observed in every face. The earth is covered with men, cities, Avoods, wild beasts, rivers, nymphs, and all the train of rural deities. Over these is placed the image of refulgent heaven, where are represented the twelve signs of the zodiac, six on either gate. Whither when the son of Clymene had arrived by an ascending path, and entered the habitation of his suspected sire, instantly he di- rected his steps toward where he saw his father, and stood at some distance, for he was not able to bear a nearer approach to the light. Phoebus, arrayed in robes of purple, was seated on a throne that sparkled with bright emeralds. On either hand were the days, months, years, and ages, and the hours placed at equal distances : here stood the Spring crowned witli a chaplet of flowers: here the Summer jJSgaonaque prcnien- tern immania terga balanarutii suis lacer- tis, Doridaque, et na- tas : qnaritiii pars ri- deiitur iiarc, pars se- dens in mole videntur siccare virides capil- los; qttrrdam vehipisce. Facies noii e^t una om- nibus, tai/icn nee di- versa: liabolKiiit taleni qualem facies sororum decet e\sc. Terra gerit viros, urbesque, syl- vasque, ferasque, /hi- minaque, et utimplias, ct cater a numina ru- ris. Imago fulgentis cali est imposita super hffc : se.rque signa dextris foribus, tnti- deriiqne sinistris. Quo simul ac proles Cli/- meneia venit acclivo limite,etintravit tecta dubita tiparentisjpro- tinus fert sua vestigia ad patrios vultus: con- st itit que procul: neque enimferebat propiora lumina. Phabus ve- latus purpuretl veste sedebat in solio lu<:ente Claris smaragdis. A dextrii l/evuque, dies, et mensis, et anntis, stabat cinctum florente NOTES. 10. Mgceonaque.'] JEgdctou is spoken of by Homer ou)y as a piant, and made the same withBriareus. But Ovid heie follows the tradition of tliose who say he was one of the sea cods. n. Doridaque el nalas.^ Doris was a sea iiymph, the daugjlitcr of Oceaniis and Tethys, and wife of Nerens. 18. Signaque se.v foribus.] The poet speaks here of the twelve signs of the zodiac, six of which were engraven upon the right gate, and six upon the left. 50 P. OVlDII NASONIS Auttimitii.i et (ctlaiii) stabat sordlUiis calca- tis tills, et h'jema gla- ciallt,hirsuta pcrcuwo.s rayiUos. fiol inedius loco, iiide vidit oculis quibus aspicit omnia, jiivenein paveiitem no- vitatc rcrum. Aitqiie, Phaithon ; progeniei hand inficiandaparen- ti, qua est causa vi(»'capvrMus- Vox mea lacta tua est: utmam promissa liceret, tn^it: men vox est fac- Non dare ! confiteor, solum hoc tibi, nate, ne- vtinmn"^ucertt 'mo« crarpm dare •promissa '. Con- gaiciu, fJcor nate, ncgarem Dissuadere licet: non est tua tuta voluntas. ''vc solum tm. Licet Magna petis, Phaethon, et quae nee viribus istis uonas mm est tuta. Munera conveniant, nee tam puerilibus annis. 55 muTera!'\Y%!gV€c Sors tua mortalis : non est mortale quod optas.-^ avT"^?" "''' ^/"' V . V 1 • • /• ' I'linis tam Plus etiam quam quod supens contingere las sit. puerilibus. /iors tua. CvSt mortalis quod op- tas non est mortale. Tu etium nrscius af- fccliis plus, quam quod sit fas contin- gere supcris. Licebit lit quisque flaceut sibi, tumen non quisqtiam superiim me excepto, valet consistere in ig- nifero axe. Rector qhoque lasti Olympi, guijaculatur ferajul' mina terrihili dextri, non agat hos ciirrus, et quid habemus mu- jus Jove '! Prima via est ardua, et qtiii re- eentes eqtii vix enitantur mane : via est altissima in medio calo, unde strpc Jit timor tnihi ipsi, videre mare et terras, et Nescius affectas ; placeat sibi quisque licebit ; Non tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe Me valet excepto: vastiquoque rector Olympi, 60 Qui fera terribili jaculatur f'ulmina dextra, Et quid Jove majus habe- Non agat hos currus mus ? Ardua prima via est; et qua vix mane recentes Enitantur equi ; medio est altissima coelo ; Unde mare, et terras ipsi mihi ssepe videre 65 TRANSLATION. ended his speech when he asks his father's chariot, and to commar.d and guide the wing-footed horses for a day. The sire repented of the oath he had taken, and shaking tin-ice his radiant head : " Alas, my son, the promise 1 made you is become rash " by your request ; I wish it were in my power to recall what I have " said: I own this is the only thing I am unwilling to grant. It is still " permitted me to dissuade you from so rash a design : the demand you " make is hazardous and unsafe. The task. Phaeton, is too vast; and " suited neither to thy strength nor thy years. Thy lot is mortal ; but " thy wishes launch beyond the bounds of mortality : nay, you igno- " rantly affect more than comes within the province even of the gods. " Every one, no doubt, glories in his own power ; yet none of all the " heavenly train dares to mount the burning axle-tree, but I : yea " Jove himself, the sovereign rider of the sky, whose tremendous right- " hand hurls the rapid thunder, cannot guide this chariot ; yet who so " strong and powerful as Jupiter ? The first ascent is steep, and which " the steeds, though fresh in the morning, cannot climb but with pain. " The middle firmament is exceeding high, from whence even I cannot, NOTES. 63. Ardua prima via est-l This whole description is to he consifteied only in a poetical light, in which (however in- consistent it may be with the principles of true astronomy) it must yet appear extremely beautiful. In fact, the snn continues his course round the earth night and day without interruption, or rather the earth by its diurnal revohi- tion, causes that apparent motion of the. sun. And as this motion is performed in a circle, whereof the earth is the E a *52 P. OVIDII NASONIS ^nZHicl^f^t^na"^ Fit timor, ct pavidfi trepidat formldine pectus,. V.v/ pnuiu,rt egctn-rto Ultima proiia via est : et eget moderamine certov vwdcraiiiDic. June rri ,• i • • • • etiam Trthys ipsa, 1 unc etiam, quee me suDjectis excipit uiidis, feTrJ^uHriis Ziei"i''e- ^^ ^"^J'^J^" ""^ prsecsps, Tethys solet ipsa vereri. 7/ps"' Ad!iv\uod7ce'- Afl^e, quod assiduarapiturvertigineccelum: 70 iiDii rapiiur assidita Sidei'aque alta traliit.celerique volumine torouet. vcrtigitie, trahitque tvt-, • *■ ■, ^ . , .^ .. ie FoFsitaii et lucos illic, urbesque deorum ire obvius jwijsyotatis, Coucipias aiiimo, delubraque ditia donis lit cifus axis 7ir aii- 1 .... ^ „ ferut tv.' Forsuuuct Lsse : per insidias iter est. formasque ferarum^ coticipiat animn esie -ry. ^ ■ . i, -^ . , • iiik- lucos, inhcsque u tque viam teiieas, nulloque errore tratiaris, ^Z'2kis^'h^!^uer Per tamen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri, 80 est per insidias, for- Hsemoniosque arcus, violentique ora Leonis, masque fer arum. Vt- ^ ' ^ ' que (et qnainvis)/fwfff.« rium,tralutrisquc nulla errore, tamen gradieris per cornua adversi Tauri, arcusque Hamo- tiios, oraque liolenti Leonis, TRANSLATION. releri i olumine. JVitor in (nlversinn ; nec im- petus qui. viiicit cate- ra, \inc'\t me: et evehor contrarius rapidoorbi without terror, behold the earth and ocean below, and my joints shake with fear. The last stage is a mighty descent, and requires a steady rein. Tethys herself, who receives me in her watery caves, often fears that 1 should be tumbled headlong from above. Add, moreover, that the heaven is carried round by a constant rotation, and revolving with rapid force, hurries along in its course the high stars. I steer against their motions ; nor does the impetuous current that overcomes every thing else, master me ; but 1 am carried in a direc- tion contrary to that of the rolling orbs. Suppose then, that the chariot was given you ; what can you do ? Are you able to stem the rapid course of the poles, or resist the adverse whirls of heaven ? Perhaps^ you imagine in your mind, groves and cities inhabited by gods, and temples enriched with gifts : but know that yoiu- way is throiigli snares, and the forms of starry monsters. And even though you keep the direct way, nor are drawn aside by any wandering path, you must yet pass between the horns of the threatening bull, oppose yourself to. the Hcemonian bow, and brave the grinning visage of the fierce lion. NOTES. centre, there ean be nnthing of tliat as- cent or descent, or variation of dis- tance iVoin the earth which the poet here mentious. Th s, 1 say, is a strict philo- .sophical account of the snu's conrse. But the appearances are different, and as these suit better the genius of poetry, poets have adopted tiieiu in tiieir writ- ings. Thus wiien he descends below onr horizon, and is no more visible to us, lit is supposed to rest after the fatigue of hisjouniey through the visible heavens. In like manner, because fron* niornins; till noon he seems to the inha- bitants of the earth to mount a continu- ed ascent, this has given rise to all the poetical notions relating to that pait of iiis course ; and so of tlie vcsf. 69. Tetlajs.'] The daughter of CorIus and Terra, and wife of Oceanns. She is often, as here, made to slant! for the ocean itself. METAMORrHOSEON, Lib. II. 53 Seevaque circuitu curvantem brachia longo Scorpion, atq ; aliter curvantem brachia Can- crum. Nee tibi qiiadrupedes animosos ignibus illis Quos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus ^ efflant, Bo In promptu regere est : vix me patiuntur, ut acres Incaluere animi ; cervixque repugnat habenis. At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris aiictor : Nate, cave : dmii resque sinit, tua corrige vota. Scilicet, utnostro genitum te sanguine credas, 90 Pignora certa petis : do pignora certa timendo ; Et patrio pater esse metu prober. Aspice vultus Ecce meos : utinamque oculos in pectora posses Inserere ; et patrias intus deprendere curas ! Deniq; quicquid habet dives, circumspice, mun- dus, Eque tot ac tantis coeli, terrseque, marisque, Posce bonis aliquid : nullam patiere repulsam, Deprecor hoc unum ; quod vero nomine poena, Non honor est : poenam, Phaethon, pro munere poscis. 99 Quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare lacertis ? Ne dubita; dabitur (Stygias juravimus undas) Quodcunque optaris : sed tu sapientiCis opta. dabitur, (nam jural imus {>er Stygias undas) scd opta tu sapieiitiiis. TRANSLATION. The scorpion too bends his claws into a wide extent, and the crab with claws differently bent in lesser clasps, appears to oppose your course. Nor will you find it easy to govern the mettled steeds, spirited by those fires which glow in their breasts, and which they breathe from their mouth and nostrils. Scarce can 1 restrain their fury, when they are once heated, and their necks struggle with the rein. But do you, my son, take care not to force from me a gift that may l?e fatal to you ; and while it yet may be done, correct your rash desires. You demand some sure pledge, by which to know that you are my son. What surer pledges can you have than these my tears ? Or better learn that I am your father, than by my fatherly care ? Look on my face ; or could your eyes penetrate into my heart, you w^ould there find all the anxiety of a tender father. In fine, look round through all the riches of lavish nature, and choose out a gift from what is most valuable in earth, sea, or heaven, you shall meet with no denial. I only plead against this one thing, which in reality is a mischief not an honour : Phaeton, you ask a mischief in- stead of a gift. Why, mistaken youth, do you thus grasp my neck v/ith faw ning arms } Doubt not, whatever you wish for, shall be granted, (I have sworn by the Stygian waves) but dp you make a wiser choice." Scorpioiiqne curvtui- temseet a brachia longo lircuHu, alqiie Can- criim curimilem bra- chia aliter. Nee est ti'/i in proip.jil a ri gere q iiadrupedcs, ii/iimosos illis ignibus, quos ha- bent ill. pcclore, quos tjjtlaiit ore et naribus: iix putiuntur mc, si- iniil ac acres uiiiini in- caluere, cerriique re- pugnat hulniiis. At tit note, cave, ne sim tibi uuctor funesti mune- ris, coririgeque tua vo- ta, dum res sinit. i'ci. licet petis certa plg- iiora, lit credas te ge- nHuninostro sanguine; do certa pignora ti- mendo, et prohor esse puter metu patrio. Ecce, aspice meos vul- tus: ulinamque posses inserere oculos in pec- tora, et deprendere curas patrias intus. Denique, circumspice quicquid aires 7nun- dushabef, posci que a li- quid e tot ac til litis bonis, call terro'que, marisque : patiere mil- lant repulsam : drpre- cor hoc unum; quod rero nomine est pana Hon honor. J^hutthon, poscis p,! nam qiru mu- nere. Quid ignare te- nes mea colla blanais lacertis/ Ne dubita quodcunque optOris 64 P. OVIDII NASONIS rhcebus ,finitiat mo- pinierat monitus : dictis tamen ille repusrnat ; nitus; tamen ilU rr- „ . n , • i- pugnnt dicti.i: tenet- FroDOSitumque tenet: tlagratque cupidine cur- qne proyo'iittim: Jin- *^ a o i i gratanc ciipidinc ciir- TUS. ^nt:if'qnf'ikZt"'de- ^'^rgOj q^a Hcuit crenitor cunctatus, ad altos 105 ducH juvenem ad at- Deducit iuveneni, Vulcania munera, currus. tos currui, munera . • ^ ^ Vulcania. Axis erat Aureus axis ei'at, teiDO aurcus, aurea summEe Vu7muirr7umlZ^'ro. Cuivatura rotsB ; radiorum argenteus ordo. ti ••j.i • ^ per jwa, reddebant Jjumq; ea magnanimus rnaethonmiratur, opusq; c;»^;k^t:"/.;;«r/:; Perspidt ; ecce vigH rutilo patefecit ab ortu magnanimus PhnvtJinn Purpureas Aurora fores, et plena rosarum tniratur ea, pcrspnir- . , .^ , . rr . , , n '■ • • . fii'e opus ; ecce rigii Atria : diiiugiunt stellse ; quarum agmina cogit pur"as fo'reTct^ utr^a Lucifer, et cceli statione novissimus exit. 115 uioorur'itVa'J' riif. ^^ pater, ut terras, mundumque rubescere vidit, fugiunf ; quarum Lv- Comuaque extremee velut evanescere Lunae ; ciffr co"it aginina, et ^ ^ rn- i -i ■ ^ tt • exit 7ioiiwmus sta- Jungere equos litan velocibus imperat Moris. Tilan Z%,m ta-'rZ Jussa dese celeres peragunt : ignemque vomentes tnundumqvernbescere, AmbrosifB succo saturos praBsepibus altis 120 comuaque extremrr /-^ ■• -, -, -, -, ■ r Luntr velut evanes- Quadrupedesducunt : adduntque sonantiairaena. cerc,impcrat veliiLihus Horis jungerc eqiios: rictr celeres ferai^unt jtissa ejus: ducuntqne quadrupedes vomentes ignem, saturos succo Anibrosicc ultis prasepibtis, adduntque frena sonantia. TRANSLATION. Here the fatlser ended his admonitions : but Phaeton, regardless of what he said, still holds to his purpose, and burns with impatience to moimt the chariot. Wherefore the father having delayed as long as he could, brought at length the young man to the stately chariot, the gift of Vulcan. The axle-tree was of gold, the pole also was of gold, and the wheels were edged round with a golden rim. The range of spokes was silver. The yoke was covered with rows of gems and precious stones, that darted a clear light by reflecting the sun. And while magnanimous Phaeton admires all these, and views with attention the elegance of the work, lo, watchful Aurora opens the purple gates of the east, and her courts strewed with roses. The stars disappear, Lucifer drives them before him in troops, and moves himself the last from his station in the heavens. Soon as the father saw the earth and sky covered with a rosy blush, and the blunted horns of the moon just ready to vanish, he commands the nimble hours to join the horses to the chariot. The swift goddesses instantly obey, and lead from the high stalls the glow- ing steeds, snorting fire, and satiated v,ith the juice of Ambrosia ; then NOTES. 113. Plena roiarum atria.'\ Aurora is 190. Ambrosia succo saturos.] Am- often painted by the poets as shrondcd brosia, wa«, according to llie poets, in roses, nor is there any phrase more the food of the gods; in like man- common in our own langnage, than the ner as nectar was feigned to be their losy-colonred morn. drink, though we find them often con- lip. DctPce/cres.JThehonrs are some- founded, times described by the poets a« goddesses. METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. II. 65 Turn pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati Contigit, et rapidae fecit patientia flammee : Imposuitque comae radios ; prsesagaque luctns Pectore sollicito repetens suspiria, dixit: 125 Si potes hie saltern monitis parere paternis Parce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris. Spontesuaproperant: labor est inhiberevolentes. ^"rr/"'^M/"Tf Nectibidirectos placeatvia quinque per arciis. "Jere ions fortius. Turn pater contigit ora sui nati sacro »«e. dlcamine ; et fecit pa- tientia rapidte flam- m(P ; imposuitque ra- ilins coma': refctens- que suspiria prcsaga tuctUs sollicito pec- tore, dixit : Si lite sal- tern potes parere mo- utere loris Sectus in obliquum est lato curvarnine limes 130 labor est inh"bere"eoi Zonarumque trium contentus fine : polumque 'qui,?que'ar^us directos " .--.-. placeal tibi. Est limes sectits in nbliquum la- to curvamiiie ; conten- tiisque fine trium so- narum, effiigit pohim- que avstralem. Arc- tonqiie junvtam Aqvi- lonibus. Sit iter tibi hac via, cernes mani- Effugit Australem, junctamq; Aquilonibus Arc- ton. Hac sit iter: manifesta rotae vestigia cernes. Utque ferant aequos et ccelum et terra calores ; Nee preme, nee summum molire per aethera CUrrum. 135 festa vestigia rota AltiCis egressus coelestia tecta cremabis ; Inferius, terras : Medio tutisdmus ibis. Utque et ctrlum, et terra ferant ■ r-iii- i que repagula pedibiis. Ubstautcs iindunt nebulas, penmsque levati igmra^'fatoriim ^mpo- Prsetercunt ortos iisdem de partibus Euros. 160 iis,reppulit ; et copia immensi jnuiidi est facta ; corripntre viam, pedibusque mods per a'Jra, findunt nebulas ob- stantes, leiutiqtte peimis, prtetereunt Euros ortos de iisdem partibus. TRANSLATION. " the right -wheel bear you off toward the Avreathed serpent, nor the " left to the shining altar ; but keep a direct course between both. I " leave the rest to foi'tune, which I pray may direct you, and be more " careful of you than you are of yourself. See while I speak, the shady " night has reached the limits of the western shore ; nor is it permitted " me to make a longer stay. I am called ; Aurora having dispersed the " darkness, shines out. Haste, snatch the reins ; or if you have a mind " that can be moved by advice, take my counsel, not my chariot, while " it is yet in your power, and you stand securely on the earth. A^^hile " I say, you are not yet mounted upon the axle-tree so rashly wished " for, suffer me to give light to the world, which you may enjoy in full " security." In vain he spoke. Phaeton with youthful heat mounts the nimble chariot, and rejoicing to handle the reins that had been given him, gives thanks to his father, who receives them with reluctance. Meanwhile the restless horses of the sun, Pyroeis, Eous, and ^thon, and the fourth Phlegon, fill the air Avith neighiugs, and breathing out fire, beat with their feet the barriers of heaven ; which after that Te- thys, ignorant of the fate of her grandson, had removed, and all the wide vvaste of heaven wsl^ laid open before them, they spring out, and METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. II. 57 Sed leve pondus erat ; nee quod cosrnoscere pos- *'* pondus erat leve ,• J- ' i ^ r nee quod eqiti soils pos- Sent sent, cogiwscere ; ju- Solis equi ; solitaque jugum gravitate carebat. fZ^^/^^^'utS::''!^ IJtque labant curvse iusto sine pondere naves, ves cjirva- sine justo 1 . ..i* ..^,1. „ T'on(lere labniitjfertm- Perque mare mstabiles nimia levitate leruntur : turquc instabu'es per ic onere assueto vacuos dat in aera saltus, loo siccvrrus dat saitus Succutiturque alte, similisque est currus inani. o""re7'«lc"M«f<^rrSe Quodsimulacsensere,ruunt,tritumq:relinquunt ?^''''. <^-'X'^^'' ^imuts P: . ■■ . ■ ' ' • N ^ 1 • ^ tntmi. Quod simul ac Quadniucri spatium : nee, quo prius ordine eur- guadrijKgisenserejru- , . imt, relinq lilt ut que tri- runt. turn spatium: nee cur- Ipse pavet; nee qua eommissas flectat habenas, 7^Z' paveiZile!cn1t% Nee seit qua sit iter: nee, si sciat, imperet illis. J/ectci itabenas com- rr, • \ ^■ • 1- ^■ 1 A m • mi.ssas iih\, nee qtiA sit lum primum rauiis gelidi caluere 1 nones, Her, nee si seiat, im. Et vetito frustra tentarunt a^quore tingi. Sf '"tiirf/ '^"vrionl's Quaeque polo posita est glaciali proxima serpens, ^"^"^^7 ^Irustra'^ tiT'i Frigore pigra prius, nee formiclabilis ulli : vento aquore. ser- Ti-,-. r •^ ■ 1 ri r pensque, qua est posi- IncaJuit ; sumsitque novas lervoribus iras. 175 ta proxima poiogiad- Te quoque turbatum memorant fugisse, Boote ; tf'Sidda^li^niiC Quamvis tardus eras, et te tua plaustra tenebant. ixca'iuit ■. sumsitque ^j y 1 -J 1 1 novas iras fervorilnis. lit vero summo despexit ab sethere terras niemorans te quoque Infelix Plia'ethon penitus penitusque jacentes ; tHm^quamviscrcn^^ dus,et tua palustra te- nebant te. Ut vero infelix Pha'cthon summo athere despexit terras penitus, petntusque ja- centes. TRANSLATION. moving their feet swiftly through the air, cleave the opposing clouds, and mounted upon their wings, outstrip the eastern wind arising from the same parts. But the weight appeared small, and what the horses of the sun could scarcely feel, nor was the chariot poised by its wonted weight. And as hollow ships, when wanting due ballast, totter in the deep, and are tossed to and fro, the unstable sport of winds and waves ; in like manner the chariot, destitute of its usual weight, is tossed on high, and bounding through the air, is hurried on like one empty ; which when the eager steeds perceived, they rush on, and leave the beaten tract, nor follow the stated course in which they ran before. The youth trembles, nor knows which way to turn the reins, or how to pursue his way ; nor had he known, Avere the horses under command. Then did the cold Triones first feel Apollo's ray, and strove in vain to dip in the forbidden sea. Then too the serpent that borders upon the frozen pole, before stiff', and benumbed with cold, nor formidable to any, roused by the new flames, began to rage with inward heat. It is said, moreover, that you, Bootes, fled in a mighty alarm, though naturally slow, and cumbered with thy Avain. But when the unhappy Phaeton beheld from the height of heaven, the earth spread out far, very far beneath him, NOTES. 171. Triones.'] This is meant of the seven that seem larger and brighter than Ursa Major, a constellation consisting of the rest, and very much resemble a twenty-seven stars. Of these there are waggon with a yoke of oxen. 58 P. OVIDII NASONIS fattuit, et genua in- tremtiere subito ti- more: tenebrtfque sunt oborttt oculis per tan- turn lumen. Et Jam mallet ntinqitum teti- gisse equos paternos, jamque piget ujinovisse genus et valuisxe ro- gando : jam cupiins did filiui Mcropis ; ita fertur ut pintis Palluit, et subito genua intremuere timore; 180 Suntque oculis tenebrae per tantum lumen obortse : Etjam mallet equos nunquam tetigisse paternos : Jamque agnosse genus piget, et valuisse rogando : Jam Meropis dici cupiens. Ita fertur, ut acta Prsecipiti pinus Borea, cui victa remisit 185 ZliZ^r^cllr^remi'- Fi'^ena suus rector, quam Dis, votisque reliquit. sit victa fra:nii, quam Quid faciat? multum cceli post terga relictum; Ante oculos plus est ; animo metitur utrumque : Et modo, quos illi fato contingere non est, Prospicitoccasus; interdumrespicitortus. IQO Quidq ; agat ignarus, stupet : et nee frsena re- mittit, 'StlrtulTign^'rZq^ii'e Nccretinerc valet; necnominanovit equorum. Sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula ccelo, Vastarumque videt trepidus simulacra ferarum. Est locus, in geminos ubi brachia concavat arcus Scorpios, et cauda, flexisque utrinque lacertis Porrigit in spatium signorum membra duorum. Hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni Vulnera curvata minitantem cuspide vidit ; Mentis inops gelidaformidine lora remisit : 200 Quse postquam summum tetigere jacentia ter- £fum; que reliquit diis lotis- que. Quid facial / tnitltum cceli est relic- tum post trrga : est adhac plus a7ite oculos; metitur utrumque ani- mo. Et modd prospi- cit occasus, quos non est illi cont ingere quid agat, stupet : et necremittitjreena, nee valet retincre : ncc tiovit vomina eqttorum. Videt quoque trepidus miracula passim spar- sa in vario calo simu- lacraque vasiarum fe- rarum. Est locu^ ubi Scorpios concavat bra- chia in geminvs arcus, et caudci lacertisque Jtexis utrinque, porri- git membra in spatium duorum signorinn. Puer ut vidit hunc tnadidum sudore nigri ^ veneni, minitantem vulnera curvatO. cuspide; inops mentis, remisit lora gelidA formidine. Qua: postquam jacetitia tetigere summum tergum ; TRANSLATIOIV. he grew pale, and his knees trembled with sudden fear, and his eyes were darked by the too great light. And now could he wish that he had never tried his father's steeds. He repents of having kuown his race, or that he prevailed in his request ; and willing now to pass for Merop's son, he is hurried along like a ship tossed by the stormy north wind, when the despairing pilot has abandoned the helm, and puts all his confidence in the gods and prayer. What could he do ? He had already left a long tract of heaven behind him. If he looks forward a still longer path meets his eyes. He measures both in his mind ; and sometimes casts an eye upon the forbidden Avest, sometimes looks back towards the east ; and full of amazement, is uncertain what to resolve upon : for neither does he quit the reins, nor can he hold them right, nor does he know the names of the horses. Now too, in his fright, he sees all parts of the heavens filled with objects of horror, and the monstrous forms of huge wild beasts. There is a place where Scorpio bends his arms on each side in two wide ciu-ves, and with his tail and limbs enclosing a vast circuit, stretches himself through the space of two celestial signs. Soon as the youth beheld him s veat in streams of black poison, and threatening wounds with his forked tongue, bereft of his wits at once, he dropped the reins in a cold fright : which, when the horses felt lying loose upon their manes, they rush out, and fiudiiTg METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. II. 59 eunt per auras ignotte re- gionis ; quaqve impe- tus egit, riiunt hde sine lege; inciirsant- que stellis Ji.rls sub alto atliere, niyiunt- qiie currum per avia. El niudo petiint svm- ma, modbferuntur per declha, viasque pr opiore terrtr : lunaque admi- ratiir equos frater- 710S ctirrere inferiux suis : nnbiltique fim- iiiia, corripitur Jlum- mis,fissaque, ugit ri- mas, ei aret succis adfmptis. Pahula ca- nescunt ; arbos uritur cum frondihus, seges arida prabet mnte- riumsuo damno. Que- ror paria .• magna Expatiantur equi; nulloque inhibente, per auras ^t^'f^^lT':::^ Jo-notae regionis eunt ; quaque impetus egit, Hac sine lege ruunt: altoque sub sethere fixis Incursant stellis, rapiuntque per avia currum. 205 Et modo summapetunt, modoperdecliva,viasq; Preecipites spatio terrse propiore feruntur ; Inferiusque suis fraternos currere Luna Admiratur equos : ambustaque nubila fumant. Corripitur fiammis, ut quseque altissima, tellus ; Fissaque agit rimas, et succis aret ademptis. Pabula canescunt ; cum frondibus uritur arbos ; q7^qn{"ZT%i^auu. Materiamque sue preebet seges arida damno. Parva queror : magnse pereunt cum moenibus urbes : Cumque suis totas populis incendia gentes. 215 In cinerem vertunt: svlvse cum montibus ardent. ArdetAthos.TaurusqueCilix, et ImolusetLhte; urbcs pereunt cum T-, . •\ii • i"i.'T_ TJ ma7iibiis: Incendiaqiie Et nunc sicca, prius celeberrima tontibus, Ide ; vertunt totas gentes Virgineusq; Helicon, et nondum (Eagrius Ha^- VlZr:^ sl^'^^J^t JY^Qg • cum mnntibus. Athos ardet jTaurusqueCUix, ft Tmolus, et CEte, et Ide, nunc sicca, prius celeberrima fontihus , virgineusque Helicon, et Hen- nines, a long ridge of mountains th.it divide Italy into two parts. METAMOllPHOSEON, Lib. II. 61 Sanguine turn credunt in corpora sumnia vocato, ^Ethiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem : Turn facta est Libye, raptis humoribus, a^,stu Arida ; turn nymphse passis fontesque lacusque, Deflevere comis : queritur Bceotia Dircen ; Argos Amymonen, Ephyre Pyrenidas undas. 240 Nee sortita loco distantes flumina ripas Tuta manent : mediis Tana'is fumavit in undis Pen'eosque senex, Theutranteusque Caicus Et celer Ismenos, cum Phocaico Erymantho, Arsurusque iterum Xanthus, flavusque Lycor- mas. 245 Credunt populos Mthi. op urn turn traxUse ni- grum colorem, san- guine vocato in summa corpora. Tarn Libye est facta arida, humu- rib'us raptis astu jtum ^lyniplitr passij: comis, dtjicvere fontesque la- cusque. JJceotia que- ritur Dircen, Argos Amymonen ; Ephyre ttnrtas Pyretiidas esse exsiccatas. Nee Jlu- mina sortita ripas dis- tantes loco, manejit tuta: Tanais fumavit in mediis undis ,- Pe- n'tosque senex, Cuicus- que Theutranteus, et Ismenos celer, cmn Erymantho Phocaico ; Xanthusque arsurus iterum, fianisquc Ly- co> nius , jM eu ndrosqite , qui ludit in undis recurtatis, Mclasque Mygdonius et Eurotas Tanarius. Euphrates Bahylonius et arsit, Alpheos astuat, ripcs Quique recurvatis ludit Meandros in undis, Mygdoniusque Melas, et Teenarius Eurotas : Arsit et Euphrates Babylonius, arsit Orontes, Thermodonq;citus,Gangesque,et Phasis,et Ister. jEstuat Alpheos, ripffi Sphercheides ardent : 250 Orontes arsit, citusque Thermodon, Gangesque, et Phasis, et Ister: Sphercheides ardent: TRANSLATION. where he was, but is hurried away at the pleasure of the winged horses. It was then, they say, that the ^>thiopians first got their black hue, the blood being drawn by the heat toward the outer parts of the body. Then Libya, drained of its moistiu-e by the heat, became a barren waste of sand. The nymphs too, with dishevelled hair, lament their empty lakes and springs. Boeotia bewails the loss of Dirce, Argos Amymone, Ephyre the waters of Pyrene. Nor are even the largest rivers secure within their distant banks. Tanais smoked in the midst of his Avaters, and aged Peneus, and Theutrantean Caicus, and the swift Ismenus, v, ith Erymanthus of Phocis, and Xanthus, fated to be burnt again, and yellow Ljcormas, and Meander, that sports in mazy wiurhngs, and Mygdonian Melas, and Ttenariau Eurotas. Babylonian Euphrates too burns, Orontes burns, and swift Thermodon, and Ganges, and Phasis, and Isther. Alpheus boils, and the banks of the Spher- 237. Libye.'] A dry and barren region of Africa. 239. Dircen.] Dirce, a celebrated fountain of Roeotia. 240. Amymonen.'] Amymone was the daiiiihter of Danansjking of tlie Argives. 242. 7'annis.] A very considerable river of Scytliia, that divides Enrope from Asia. 244. Is»ic7ios.] A river of Beeotia, that runs into tiie Euripus. Eryman- thus, a river of Phocis in Arcadia. 245. Xanthus.] A river of Troas. Lycormas, a river of TEtolia. 246. Meandros.] A river of Phrj-gia, remarkable for its great nmnber of NOTES. windings and turnings, whirii are said to amount to no less than six hundred, and some of tliem so considerable, that it seems to be retnniiiig again to its source. 247. AJelas.] A river of Mygdonia, which is said to have the power of making cattle black. 248. F.ujjhrates.] A very noted river of Asia. 249. Thermodon.] A river of Thrace. Ganges, the greatest and most noted ri\er of India. Ister, the greatest river of Europe : it is also known under the name of the Danube. 250. yllpheos.] A river of Arcadia in Pi'loponnesns. 62 P. OVIDII NASONIS aurumque quod Tagus Quodq I suoT'dffus amne vehit.fluit ignibus aurum: ignibits ; et Jiumitica: volucres, quee ceiebra- rant ripas Mceonia^ carmine, caluere me- dio Ciiifstro. Nil us pertcrritus fugit in extremiim orbem, oc cu' latet i4huv.^jevtem p^^^ eadem IsHiarios Hebrum cum Strymone Et, quae Moeonias celebrarant carmine ripas, Flumineae volucres medio caluere Caystro. Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem, Occuluitque caput,quod adhuc latet: ostia septem lui'tque caput, quod Pulveruleuta vacant septem sine flumine valles. siccat, Hesperiosq; amnes, Rhenum, E,hodanumque, Padumque, Cuique fuit rerum promissa potentia Tybrin. 259 Dissilit omne solum ; penetratque in Tartara rimis ostia pill cant seytem valles sine flumine. Eadem fors siccat Hebrum cum Strymone, fluvios 7*- marios: Hesperiosque amnes, Rhenum, Rlio- danumque, Padum- que, Tybrinqite cui po- tentia rerum fuit pro- -, . ■ c . , ■ missa. Omne solum Lumcn, ct mtemum terret cum conjuge regem : netrat in' Tartara ^ri'- Et mare contrahitur ; siccajque est campus arenae, mis,et terret r,gcm Quod modo Dontus erat: quosque altum texerat tnjernum cum coiiju- ^^ r j T. T. g'e. Et mare contruhi- SeCIUOr, yZiTus!iuT,nnpl'/s'ic- Exsistant montcs, et sparsas Cycladas augent. ^uoTIuuin wquorTx- I^a petunt pisces : nee se super aequora curvi 265 erat, ejsistant, et au- Tollere consuetas audcnt delphines in auras. gent sparsas Cycladas. '■ Fisces petunt ima, nee curvi delphines audent tollere se super equora, in auras consuetas, TRANSLATION. cheus burn, and the gold, which the Tagus carries in its stream, is melted by the flames. The swans, which have so often sung on the banks of the Ma?onian rivers, in vain sought to avoid the heat in the middle of Cayster. The frighted Nile fled to the extreme parts of the earth, and hid his head, which yet lies concealed : his seven dusty channels are now changed into seven valleys, destitute of water. The same fate also pursues the Ismarian rivers. HebvUs with Strymon ; and the western rivers, the Rhine, the Rhone, the Po, and Tyber, to which the sovereignty of the universe had been promised. The ground is deep cleft in all parts, and the light penetrating through the chinks into the dire regions of Tartarus, startles the infer- nal king and his spouse. The ocean contracts, and what lately was sea, is now a naked plain of sand. The mountains, which had hitherto been covered by the waves, now start up, and increase the number of the scattered Cyclades. The fishes creep toward the bottom ; nor do NOTES. 251. Tagus.'} A river of Spain, which feijnis to have hid its head in this ge- was said to bring down from the moun- tains great quantities of gold sand. These tliepoet, by an unusual hyperbole, feigns to be now melted by the heal of the sun, and iu that manner to be carried along by the current of the river. 252. Mteonias.] Maeonia, so called from the river Ma?on, was the same with Lydia. 254. Nilus.} A very noted river of /Egypt, wliich, berause its source was unknown to the ancients, the poet here neral conflagration. 257. Hebrum, &c.] Hebrus and Stry- mon, two rivers of Thrace, that run into the iEgean sea. 259. Cuique fuit rerum promissa po- tentia Tybrin.] The Tiber is a river famous in the writings of the poets. It runs through the midst of Rome, whence the sovereignty of the universe, vvhicn was promised to the Romans, is here po- etically said to be promised to the Tiber. 264. Cyclades.'] Tlie Cyclades are a cluster of islands in the iEgean sea. METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. II. 63 Coroora phocarum summo resupina profundo (Corpora phocarum re- Exanimata natant : ipsum quoque IN erea tama est, «'fta summo profunda. Doridaque, et natas, tepidis latuisse sub antris. ^^''[xerearDohZ'. Ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo brachia vultu 270 ff;„*^' ^^; ^^^l^%\ Exserere ausus erat: ter non tulit aeris sestus. Neptunus ter amu's rniij_ i* Ji. i ^'""^ Ciserere brae Ida Alma tamen lellus, ut erat circumdata ponto, aqms cum torvo rui- Inter aquas pelagi, contractosque undique fontes, ^^kTi\!lneTJima\ei. Qui se condiderant in opacse viscera matris : \l%fJo\"lnterTqta, Sustulit omniferos coUo tenus arida vultus : 275 peiagi, j'ontesque con- „ . r .■ i. tractos undique, qui Opposuitque manum ironti ; magnoque tremore condiderant se ik lis- Omnia concutiens paulum subsedit ; et infra 2l'"uZu/1!uicu;V:L Ouamsoletesse.fuit: siccS,queitavocelocutaest. ^'feros tenus coUo.- ^^ ' . ■ 1 A PI- opposuitque minum Si placet hoc, meruique, quid o tua lulmma ces- fronU: conctitien-que '■ omnia magno tremore, Sant. subsedit paulum, et Summedeum? liceat periturae viribus ignis, 280 ^^!'^^J'^!Zt^;'^ta Icrne perire tuo: clademque auctore levare. sicca voce. SummeDe- -p. r ' 1 . um, si hoc placet libi, Vix equidem fauces hsec ipsa m verba resolvo : meruique, o quid tua (Presserat ora vapor) Tostos en aspice crines ! {;^af;ZiperitZ^^ Inaue oculis tantum, tantum super ora favillee. r'*'" ignis, perire tuo " ■"■>^" J _ r . , igne, levureque cla- Hosne mini fructus : nunc lertilitatis honorem, aem auctore. Equidem /-^rf ■. r VII •! J. • ^'^ ref'Olvo fauces in Officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri hac ipsa verba, (va Rastrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno ? ^."^^rr "S 'Wstll favilleeque tantum snnt in oc«/m favilliE tantum sunt super ora. Refersne mihi hos fructus, hunc honorem fertilitatis officiique ; quodferor vulnera adunci aratri rastrorumque, e.ier- ceorquc toto anno f TRANSLATION. the crooked dolphins dare to rise above the surface of the deep, and take in the wonted air. The huge bodies of sea-calves lie extended and breathless upon the boiling waves. Nay, it is said, that Nereus and Doris, M'ith their whole train of daughters, Avere pursued by the heat into the deepest caverns of the main. Thrice Neptune, with a stern countenance, ventured to thrust his arms out of the waters, and thrice was unable to sustain the raging heat of the air. At length the bountiful Earth, as she was surrounded by the sea ; amidst her circling oceans and springs, which, now dried up on all sides, were retired within the dark caverns of her hollow womb ; up- lifts her all-bearing head, and, scorched by the sultry heats, covers her face with her hand ; when shaking all nature with a sudden trembling, she sunk down a little, and retired below her wonted seat ; whence with awful voice she thus broke silence : " If you approve, and I have deserved the fate that threatens me, " why, O why, sovereign of the gods, do your thunders cease ? If I " must perish by the force of fire, let it be by fires darted from your " right hand ; nor let me suffer by any other power than that of Ju- " piter. Scarce can I open my mouth to pronounce these words ; (for " her face was now wrapt in clouds of smoke.) Behold my singed " hair, my eyes hid in thick vapours, and the heaps of cinders that fly " round my temples. And is this the honour and recompense of my " fertility and service ; that I am torn up by the crooked plough- 64 P. OVIDII NASONIS peco tneiita niiHa humaiio gcmri quod ministro tliiira vobU? Sed ftic tt/mrn me meriiisxc exi- tiiitn : quid tuida nic- luere, quid f rater tuns meruit ? Car aquora tradita illi sorte, dc- crc.iciint ; et absuiit lougius ab if there f Quod si nee. gralia fra- trii', iiec iiica gratia tangit te, at miserere tut call. Uterque pn- lu.tfumat,circumspiee titrumqne, quos si ig- nis vitiaierit, vestra atria rucnt. En ipse Atlas laborat, vixque sustineicandentem ax- em suis hutueris. Si freta, si terra, si re- gia cceli pcreun/, coii- J'undimur in antiquum chaos; si quid ad hue jtuperest, eripe fiam- mis, et eonsule sum- ma rerum. Tellus dix- erat hac ; ntque enim potuit idterius tole- Quod mm^to ftoncies Quod pecoii frondes, ahmentaque mitia frug-es peconjrugesque, all- "^ f . ' vj^, » ••^? Humano generi, vobis quod thura mimstro f Sedtamen exitium fac me meruisse: quid undse, Quid meruit frater ? cur illi tradita sorte 291 jEquora decrescunt,et ab athere longius absunt; Quod si nee fratris, nee te mea gratia tangit ; At cceli miserere tui : eircumspice utrumque, Fumat uterque polus; quos si vitiaverit ignis 295 Atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat ! Vixque suis humeris candentem sustinet axem. Si freta, si terrse pereunt, si regia cceli ; In chaos, antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis Si quid adhuc superest ; et rerum eonsule summse. Dixerat hsec Tellus : neque enim tolerare vaporem Ulterius potuit, nee dicere plura; suumque 302 Rettulit OS in se, propioraque manibus antra. At pater omnipotens superos testatus, et ipsum, Qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato305 ,. Interitura o-ravi : summam petit arduus areem : 7'are I'aporcm, nee di- » ' i 7 cere plura, rettulitque suum as in se, antraqne propiora manibus. At pater omnipo- tens testatus superos, et ipsum Phoebura qui dederat currus filio, omnia interitura gravi fato, nisi ferat opem ; arduus petit summam areem; TRANSLATION. " share, and tortured with rakes and harroAvs all the year round ? That " I furnish leaves for the flocks, corn and pleasant food for man, and " frankincense for the altars of the gods. But grant that I deserve " thus to perish, how have the waters offended, or wherein is your bro- " ther guilty ? Why do the seas, whose sovereignty fell to his share, " decrease, and shrink farther from heaven ? If you are moved by nei- " ther a regard for your brother nor me, yet think of your own heaven. " Look roiuid on all sides, the flames spread from pole to pole, and if " these too are caught by the fires, your palaces must be involved in " the general ruin. Lo Atlas becomes unequal to his task, and can " scarce sustain upon his shoulders the glowing weight of heaven. If " earth and seas perish, and the sumptuous palaces of heaven, we " return again to the first chaos. Save from the flames, if ought yet " remains, nor suffer the universe to perish irrecoverably." Here the Earth ended ; nor could she say more, choked by the vapours that surrounded her on all sides ; but drawing back her head within her- self, retired to the caves that border upon the regions of the dead. Then the almighty father having called all the powers above to witness, and even him who had given the chariot to his son, that, without his assistance, all must perish by a heavy fate ; mounts the lofty citadel of NOTES. 296. Atlas.'] h mountain of Maurita- nia, which, because of its great heijiht, was saiii to support the heavens. But Mytliologists derive this notion from At- las, a king of Mauritania, who was said to be transformed into tliis mountain, ani was tiie first wlio had made any considerable proficiency in the know- ledge of astronomy. METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. II. 65 Unde solet latis nubes inducere terris ; -^^ ^}^! tJ^rls-Z^. Unde movet tonitrus, vibrataque fulmina iactat. dcwovet tonUrus, jac- ^ ' .K, >' . tatque ribriitu Jvimi- Sed neque, quas posset terris maucere, nubes, ««. sea neqm tunc Tunc habuit: nee, quos ccgIo dimitteret, imbres. '^^^''f,:':':^"^,^:] iiec imbres, quox di- mitteret ccelo. l»tonat en lihra- tra aure, inaiirigam Phaethonta; expulitquc yariter ani- muque rutisque, et coinveicnit i«iies savis ignihiix. Equi eanxter- ■nanfur, et sall.ii facto ill vontrariii, excuti- vnt rollii ji'go, rtl'ni- gnuntqiie liira abrwp- ta. Illic Jra-iiri juceiit, illic axis reiulstts ti- mime ; in hac parte radii rotanim frac- tarum, vestiginqiie la- ceri currvs sunt spar- su late. At F/ia'cthon, Jiamma populante ru- iilos- capillos, lolvitur in preeceps ; ferturque per a'cra longo tractu, ut interduni Stella de calo sere/io, qiise, etsi Intonat, et dextra libratum fuhnen ab aure Misit in aurigam : pariterque, animaque rotisque a vdsit fium Expulit, et ssevis compescuit ignibus ignes. Consternantur equi : et saltu in contraria facto Colla jugo excutiunt, abruptaq; lora relin- quunt. 315 lUic frsena jacent, illic temone revulsus Axis; in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum: Sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus. At Pliaethon, rutilos flamnia populante capillos, Volvitur in prseceps, longoq ; per aera tractu 320 Fertur; utinterdum de ccelo stella sereno, Etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri. Quein procul a patria diverse maximus orbe Excipit Eridanus, spumantiaque abluit ora. non cecidit, potuit videri cecidisse. Quern Phaethonta maximus Eridanus excipit orOe prvciil diierso a pat rid : abluilqite ora spumantia. TRANSLATION, heaven, whence he was Avont to spread over the spacious earth the ga- thering clouds ; whence he rolls his thunder, and darts the brandished lightning. But then neither had he clouds to spread over the earth, nor showers to pour down from the vault of heaven. He thunders, and with lifted arm hurls against the charioteer the forky brand, driving him at once from life, and his seat, and extinguishing the fires by fires still more cruel. The horses affrighted start a\ ith a sudden bound, shake the yoke from off their necks, and disengage themselves from the broken harness. Here lie the reins, there the axle-tree, torn from the pole ; on one side the spokes of the wheels dashed in pieces, and all around the fragments of the shattered chariot. But Phaeton, his yellow hair seized by the flames, tumbles headlong, and shoots through a long tract of air, as when in a serene sky a star falls, or seems at least to fall. Him the mighty Po receives, in a region of the world far distant from his native home, and with rolling waves washes his glowing face. NOT 3a3. Quon pvncul « palrlA — excipit Eridanus.} 'the Eridanus, otherwise the Po, is a river of Italy, and of" conse- quence far leniovtd from Etliiopia, the country of Pliaiitoii. We have thus gone throu<;h the story of Phaeton, and taken notice of what seemed most necessary for the under- standing of the poet's expressi(>ns. It is thought by some to represent the en- terprise of a rash Ittad-strortg youth, who hearkened ratlier to his ambition and coiirajje, than the suggestions of •wisdom and prudence. But Pliaeton ES. is morever a real person ; Apollodorus lias preserved his genealogy, and Euse- bius, after Africanus, makes use of it to fix the epoch of Cecro|>s. But not to enter too far into thisdisciission,we siiall be satisfied with observing tliat lie was conmionly reputed to be the son of Pliabus and Clyniene. The fable be- fore us in all probability relates to some remarkable conflagiation that iiappened in his time. Aristotle believed upon the faith of some ancient writers that in the age of this prince, tire fell from heaven, and destroyed cities and kingdoms. F 66 P. OVlDll NASONIS II. Nai'des Hesperian trifidu sumantia flam- ma II. Ilespi riir Nii'uiJt.t duiit i-o)yi»a J'liiiunt- tia trljiilii jlamiml t.u- miilo : sigiianti/uc sux- uinlioc carmine. Pfia'c- ton tst situs liir, au- rigii ciirrics putfini, quern ciirnim, si iio.i tenuit tumen e.vciitit magiiis ausis. Nil in miseraiiilis patci' cuii- iliderat i-ultus obduc- tos luctu agro : et, si modo crcdiinus,J'erunt uiiHiii diem isse sine sole. Jncendia preebe- bant lumen ; aliquis- que usiis fuit in illo malo. AtClymene post- quam dixit quae unque fuerunt diccnda in tantis mails; luguhris, et aniens, et laniuta sinus, percensuit to- tum orbem : requi- Reppcrit ossa tameii peres;rin& condita ripa reiisqiie priino exam- _ir.. , i~. ,'^ mes art us, mox ossa, tamen repperit ossa condita ripA peregri- nd. Incuhuitque loco : perfuditque lacryinis, nomeii ledum in mar- more, et fovit aperto pectore. Nee minus Heliades, dant niorli ejus, jietus et lacry- mas, munera inaniu : et ccBstE pectora pal- mis, vacant uocte die- 325 Corpora dant tumulo, signantque hoc carmine saxuni : Jlic situs est Plimthon, currus auriga paterni ; Quern si non tenuit, magnis tamen excidit ausis. Nam pater obductos luctu miserabilis aegro Condiderat vultus : et, si modo credimus, unum Isse diem sine sole ferunt : incendia lumen Preebebant ; aliquisque malo fuit usus in illo. At Clymene postquam dixit, qusecunque fuerunt In tantis dicenda malis ; lugubris et aniens, Et laniata sinus, totum percensuit orbem, 335 Exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens, Incubuitque loco : nomenque in marmore lectum Perfudit lacrymis, et aperto pectore fovit. Nee minus Heliades fletus, et inania morti 340 Munera, dant lacrymas, et cffisee pectora palmis Non auditurum miseras Pha'ethonta querelas Nocte dieque vocant,adsternunturque sepulchro. Luna quater junctis implerat cornibus orbem ; Illtfi more suo (nam morem fecerat usus) 345 que Phaithoiita lion auditurum miseras querelas: adsternuntitrque sepulchro. Luna implerat orbem quater junctis cornibus: ilia: suo more (nam usus fecerat morem.) TRANSLATION. II. The Hesperian Naiads commit his body, smoking from the thrice-forked flame, to a tomb, and inscribe these verses upon the tomb : " Here lies Phaeton, who attempted to drive his father's chariot, M'hich, " if he could not skilfully guide, he yet miscarried in a great attempt." The mournful father hid his countenance, overspread M'ith dismal sor- row ; and if we can but credit it, it is said, that the space of a whole day passed without any sun : the flames served to fiu-nish light, and thus some benefit arose from this mighty disaster. But Clymene, after saying whatever the grief arising from so cruel a cause could inspire, mourning and distracted, and tearing her bosom, she ran over the whole world ; and first seeking for the lifeless limbs of her son, then his bones, found at length Iiis bones upon the banks of a foreign river. She hangs over the place, and bathes in tears the name graven upon the marble, and warms it with her naked breast. The daughters of the Sun are no less overwhelmed with grief, and lament in tears (a fruitless tribute) the death of their brother ; and beating their naked bosoms, lie round the sepulchre, and call night and day upon Phaeton, who was not now capable to hear their mournful complaints. The moon had four times joined her horns in a full orb. They, according to custom (for use had now made it habitual) uttered their lamentations : when Phaethusa, the eldest of the sisters, willing to lie METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. U. 67 Plangorem dederant, ^ quis Pliaethusa sororum Maxima, cum vellet terrse procumbere, questa est Diriguisse pedes : ad quam conata venire Candida Lampetie ; subita radice retenta est. Tertia cum crinem manibus laniare pararet ; 350 Avellit frondes : hsec stipite crura teneri, Ilia dolet fieri longos sua brachia ramos. Dumque ea mirantur ; complectitur inguina cor- tex; Perque gradus uterum, pectusque, humerosquej manusque. Ambit : et exstabant tantum ora vocantiamatrem. Quid faciat mater? nisi, quo trahat impetus illam, Hue eat, atque illuc? et, dum licet, oscula jun- gat? Non satis est ; truncis avellere corpora tentat, Et teneros manibus ramos abrumpere : at inde Sanguineze manant, tanquam de vulnere, guttffi. Parce, precor, mater, qusecunque est saucia, cla- mat, Parce, precor : nostrum laniatur in arbore corpus. Jamque vale : cortex in verba novissima venit. III. Inde fluunt lacrymae ; stillataque sole ri- gescunt De ramis electra novis ; qua? lucidus amnis 365 Excipit, et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis. •'latude Vo gescunt sole: 5M■ .. in -n variare comas positu, Vitta coercuerat iieglectos alba capitlos, Zdan'^atbavutacoer. Et iTiodo Icve uianu jaculum, modo sumpserat ciierat ncglectos capil- nrmm los,etmodosii7iipscrat aiv^uui. • • ,, . , r leve jacuium., worio ar- Miles erat Phoebes : nee Majnalon attigitulla 415 ciimmami. Erat miles --,,• , m-- oi 7/ i^-j ^ Phabes : nee uUa lira. Gratiof hac ifivise. Sed iiutlapotentia longa est^ gUJ^^'au,nf%J'uui. Ultcrius medlo spatium Sol altus liabebat; lapotentia est longa. CuHi subitille nemus, Quod nullacecidcrataetas. Altus sol habebat s]ia- . ,'i , ,. tium ultcrius medio, Lxuitliic humero pliaretram, lentosque retendit cum ilia subit tie?nus « • i j. j.\ i. • 'u i. quod nulla Mas ceei- Arcus; mque solo, quod texerat lierba, jacebat : t^harkramhlnfero!re. Et pictam posita pharetiam cervice premebat. tenditgmitntusarcus, Jupiter ut vidit fessam, et custode vacantem : jacebutque ill solo quod -.^ '^ ^ . „ ' . . herba texerut, et pre- Hoc certe conjux lurtum mea nesciet, inquit: 7amce?1^7plZ!'}u. Aut si rescient, sunt, 6 sunt jurgia tanti ! Piter ut vidit iiianiyes- Protlnus induitur faciem cultumque Dianae : 425 (ode ; inquit, certe mea conjux nesfiet hoc furtum : atit si rescierit , sunt , 8 sunt jurgia tanti. Protinus indui- tur faciem cultumque jbiana ; TRANSLATION. next surveys the earth, and tlie works of men. But above the rest his own Arcadia engaged his care. He restores her fountains, and rivers not yet daring to glide. He clothes the earth with grass, and the trees with leaves, and commands the desolate forests to recover their former verdiu-e. While he thus often walks to and fro, he chanced to fix his eyes upon an Arcadian virgin, and the fires received within his bones, gathered fresh strength. Her employment was not to draw and soften the wool, or vary her divided tresses ; but her gown was fastened with a clasp, and a white fillet binds her unadorned hair. Now she bears in her hand a slender spear, now is armed with a light bow. She was a companion of Phoebe ; nor did any nymph frequent Msenalus, dearer to the goddess than she. But favour lasts not long. The sun had now passed his middle space in the high heavens, when, urged by the heat, she entered a shady grove, which no art or age had formed : here she put her quiver from off her shoulder, and unbraced her yielding bow, and laying herself down upon the ground that was covered with grass, gently reposed her neck upon the painted quiver. Jupiter, when he saw her thus fatigued, and without a keeper, Sure, says he, my wife will never know of this stolen embrace : or if by chance she should come to know of it, is her rage so terrible to make me forego a bliss like this. Straight he assumes the shape and habit of Diana. " Fair *' nymph, (said he,) who make one of my train, over wha.t mountains NOTES. 409. /ni>irg-i/je2VoHamn9.]Sohecalls 415. Ma:nalon.'] A celebrated mouD- Callisto, the daughter of Lycaon. tain of Arcadia. METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. II. 71 Atque ait, O comitum virgo pars una mearum, ':!Z,:fn;^,nZ^, In Quibus es venata iugis ? De cespite virgo >■» quihus jugis es ve- -,v^ , , , *'° -j'j'-i. nata? Virgo levat se belevat; et, salve numen, mejudice, dixit, de cespUe, et dixit, Audiat ipse lic^t, majus Jove : ridet, et audit ; ^J^:;: J„^:f:);,;rz.i:, Et sibipraeferrisescaudet: et osculaiungit: 430 'v^e audiat. Jupiter ,_ 1, P • V • • J J audit, et rt(icf,et gau- Nec moderata satis, nee sic a virgine danda. (let seprtjtnisibijct Qua venata foret sylva narrare parentem 'moJerTta" mrZVdaZ Impedit amplexu : nee se sine crimine prodit. t^^Itm^!';^. Ilia quidem contra, quantum modo fcemina possit. '«" ««»■>■«,? qua sUva ^l. h ^ ■ •,- l\ AOr foret vemitn : tiec yro- (Aspiceres utinam, baturnia, mitior esses!) 4oo dit se siw crimine. Ilia quidem pugnat: sed quse superare puella, q"antVm%minamodo Quisve Jovem poterat ? Superum petit sethera Z7J^ cifp"c'ereT efsL victor mitior .'J ilia quidem T • , 1 • 1 • . , • 1 pugnat : sed quw vvcl- Jupiter: huic odio nemus est, et conscia sylva. ta, quisve poterat su- Unde, pedem referens, psene est oblita pharetram ''',Ztor pcutZ'th^r'a^Z- Tollere cumtelis.etquem suspenderat,atcum,440 pemm: nemus et con- -J-, •, , ^ -r\-i li scia sill a est odio huic. Eece, suo eomitata elioro Uictynna per altum unde rejerens pedem, Msenalon ingrediens, et csede superba ferarum, %I'^etratic%ul''^teiu, Aspicit banc, visamque vocat : elamata refugit: '''■ "»■""" 9!'/"' •""- K . . / ^ T. . . » ' penderat. hcce Bic- Et timuit primo, ne Jupiter esset in lUa. tynna eomitata suo choro, ingrediens per altum Mcenalon, et superba cade ferarum, aspicit hanc, vocatque earn visatn; ilia clamata rej'ugit : et timuit prima ne Jupiter esset in illd. TRANSLATION. " have you pursued the chase ?" The virgin starting from the turf, " Hail goddess, in my opinion greater than Jove, were Jove himself " present to hear." He smiles, and hears, and is pleased with being preferred before himself. He then embraces her, and with an eager- ness not to be expected in a virgin. As she was about to tell him in what wood she had been hunting, he stopped her by his caresses, and discovered himself to her by his crime. She on the other hand, as much as a woman could, (O daughter of Saturn, would you had seen her, sure you would have been more gentle !) she, I say, strove M^ith all her might ; but what maid or mortal can contend with Jove ? The god, exulting in his success, returns to heaven. She detests the grove and wood that were witnesses of her crime, and retreating from them with precipitation, almost forgot her quiver, arrows, and bow which she had hung upon one of the trees. Meantime Diana with her virgin train appears upon mount Msenalus, proud of the slaughter she had made of wild beasts, and how soon she espies the nymph, calls her to her : she at first drew back, trembling, lest Jove might be also disguised in her. But when she saw her sur- rounded with her n3'mphs, she knew there could be no deceit, and im- NOTES. 441. Dictynna.] Diana, oi'Jro ruv have it, that she assumed this name $iKT6^v from the nets or toils which the '" ho""""- of Bntomartis, her favourite goddess used in hunting. Others will companion. 72 P. OVIDir NASONIS fin Z"n''"aJ?tcr'f,! ^^^ postquaiii paiiter nymphas incedere vidit:445 crricn ; seii.iit doioi Sensit abesse dolos: nuaierumque accessit ad harum. Heu quam difficile est, crimen non prodere vultu f Vix oculos attollit hUmo : nee, ut ante solebat. «6(v»r ; accessit.que ad nximriim harum. lieu qutini est difficile rinn prudere crimen ru/tit ! Vix atfollit oculos hunin, ncc est juncta , . , , ^ lateri detr, ut ante so- Juncta Deze lateri, nec toto est agmme prima : lebat esse, nec est pri- - - " " ma toto agmine. Sed silet ; et rubore diit signa Icsi pudoris, et Diana mille notis po- terat seiitire culpa/ii Cnisi quod est firgo,) iiymph(F feru nt ur sen- sisse. Cornua liinariu Sed silet, et Isesi dat signa rubore pudoris, 450 Et (nisi quod virgo est) poterat sentire Diana Mille notis culpam : Nymphse sensisse feruntur. Orbe resurgebant lunaria cornua nono : Cum Dea venatrix fraternis languida flammis, resurgebant, WHO orbe, Nacta nemus ffelidum : de quo cum murmure cum dea venal rix Ian- , , O ^ Arc labens 455 Ibat, et attritas versabat rivus arenas. Ut localaudavit; summas pede contigit undas ; His quoque laudatis: Procul est,ait,arbiter omnis: Nuda superfusis tingamus corpora lymphis. Parrhasiserubuit: cunctaevelaminaponunt: 460 Una moras quserit : dubitanti vestisademptaest: Qua posita nudo patuit cum corpora crimen. Attonitse, manibusque uterum celare volenti, I procul hinc, dixit, nec sacros poUue fontes, Cynthia: deque suo jussit secedere coetu. ""^^ 465 guida J'ralernis Jtam mis, est nacta gelidum vemus, dc quo rivus that labens cum mur- mure, et rersubat at- tritas arenas. Lit lau- davit lova ; contigit summns niidas pede. His laudatis quoque, ait, omnis arbiter est procul, tiyigamns cor- pom ntidti lymphis su- perfusi^. Parrhasis erubuit. Cuncta po- nunt velainina. Cal- listo una qunrit moras. Vestis est adempta Illi dubitanti. Quce positii, crimen patuit cum nudo corpore Cynthia dixit illi attonitoe, volentique celare uterum manibtis, J procul hinc, nec pollue sacros fontes, jussitque secedere de suo cwtu. TRANSLATION. mediately joined them. Alas! how hard is it not to betray guilt by our looks. She scarcely lifted her eyes from the ground, nor walked as usual close by the side of the goddess, nor appeared the foremost of the train ; but she was silent, and by her blushes gave plain signs of her injured honour ; insomuch, that Diana (had she been aught but a virgin) might by a thousand tokens have discovered the crime. Her nymphs, it is said, suspected it. The moon had now nine times re- newed her orb, when the hunting goddess, faint by her brother's beams, entered a cool grove, whence a gentle stream flowed in soft murmurs, along a smooth bed of shining gravel. The goddess after praising the place, touched the surface of the waters with her foot : pleased with them also, Here, says she, no spies are near, let us strip, and bathe ourselves in the crystal stream: Callisto blushed, all the nymphs pleased with the motion, undress, she only forms delays. Her fellows press round her, and obliging her reluctant to comply, discover her crime with her naked body. Confounded, and endeavouring to con- ceal with her hands her pregnant womb ; " Be gone, (cries the god- " dess with indignation,) nor dare to pollute the sacred stream." And immediately banished her from her train. NOTES. 465. Cynthia.] Diana so called, from Cynthiis, a mountain of Delos, where she was born. 460. Parrhasis.'] Parrhasia was a re- gion of Arcadia. "■■^ METAMORPHOSEON, Lib. II. 73 Senserat hoc olim magni matrona Tonantis : Distuleratque graves in idonea tenipora pcenas : Causa morse nulla est: et j am puer Areas (id ipsum Indoluit Juno) fuerat de pellice natus. Quo simul obvertit saevam cum lumine mentem ; Scilicet hoc unum restabat, adultera, dixit, Ut fcecunda fores : fieretque injuria partu Nota : Jovisque mei testatum dedecus esset. Haud impune feres : adiniam tibi nempe figuram ; Qua tibi, quaq; places nostro, importuna, marito. Dixit : et arreptis adversa fronte capillis Stravit humi pronam. Tendebatbrachiasupplex: Brachia cceperunt nigris horrescere viUis, Curvarique manus,et ad uncos crescere in ungues, Officioque pedum fungi: laudataq; quondam 480 Ora Jovi, lato fieri deformia rictu. Neve preces animos, et verba superflua flectant; Posse loqui eripitur : vox iracunda, minaxque, Plenaque terroris rauco de gutture fertur. Mens antiquatamen facta quoque mansit in ursa. Assiduoque suos gemitu testata dolores, Qualescunque manusad ccelum etsidera tollit; Ingratumque Jovem, nequeat cum dicere, sentit. (if rauco gutture. Tamen antiqua mens mansit quoque in \\ll facta dolores aiHdiio gcmitti, tollit qualescunque manus ad ccelum et side cere Jovem iiigratum, tamen sentit euni esse ingratum. TRANSLATION. The spouse of the great thunderer had perceived this some time be- fore, but deferred the punishment her vengeance prompted her to take, till a fit opportunity offered ; but now there is no farther reason for delay : for young Areas (a fresh ground of resentment to Juno) was born to her husband of Callisto. The goddess, regarding the child with a stern look, cried ; " It is enough, base adulteress ; this one thing only " was wanting, that a fruitful womb might proclaim the injury you had " done me, and the baseness of my husband : but you shall not escape " my vengeance ; I will destroy that beauty which rendered you so " lovely in the eyes of Jove." She said, and seizing her by the hair, dragged her to the ground. The suppliant nymph stretched out her imploring hands. Her arms began to grow rough with black shaggy hairs ; her hands are bent, and shoot into pointed claws, and serve her instead of feet ; her mouth, formerly admired by Jupiter, becomes now deformed by a wide opening ; and, lest prayers or entreaties might reach the ears of Jove, she was deprived of speech. A surly threat- ening voice, savage and full of terror, issues from her hoarse throat. But,"though thus changed into a bear, she still retained her former understanding, and, expressing her sorrow s by unceasing groans, raised her new unwieldy paws to heaven ; and though she coxdd not call Jove ungrateful, she thought him so. Ah, how oiten, not daring to remain Matrona magni tonan- ti